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Anger, disgust, and contempt are discrete emotions in their own right, but they often interact with each other. Situations that activate anger often activate the emotions of disgust and contempt to some extent. In any combination, these three emotions can become the main affective component of hostility.
Most of the reasons for the emotion of anger fall under the definition of frustration. Pain and prolonged sadness can act as natural (innate) anger activators.
The mimic reaction of anger involves frowning and bared teeth, or tightening the lips. Experiencing anger is characterized by high levels of tension and impulsivity. A person feels much more confident in anger than in any other negative emotion.
The adaptive functions of anger are more evident in an evolutionary perspective than in everyday life. Anger mobilizes the energy necessary for self-defense, gives the individual a sense of strength and courage. Self-confidence and a sense of one's own strength stimulate the individual to defend his rights, that is, to defend himself as a person. Thus, the emotion of anger performs a useful function in the life of a modern person. In addition, mild, controlled anger can be used therapeutically to suppress fear.
For heuristic purposes, the theory of differential emotions distinguishes between hostility (affective-cognitive processes), affective expression (including angry and hostile expression), and aggressive acts. We have deliberately narrowed down the concept of aggression. By aggression, we mean verbal and physical actions of an offensive or harmful nature.
The emotional profile of an imaginary anger situation resembles the emotional profile for a hostile situation. The pattern of emotions observed during the experience of anger is similar to the pattern of emotions in situations of hostility, disgust, and contempt, although in the last two emotionally significant situations, potentially important differences are noted in the severity and in the ordinal ranks of indicators of individual emotions.
Anger, disgust, and contempt interact with both other affects and cognitive structures. Stable interactions between any of these emotions and cognitive structures can be seen as a personality indicator of hostility. Managing the emotions of anger, disgust, and contempt is a challenge for humans. The unregulated influence of these emotions on thinking and behavior can lead to serious disorders of adaptation and the development of psychosomatic symptoms.
Several studies suggest that emotional communication plays an important role in interpersonal aggression. As other factors of aggression, researchers name the degree of physical intimacy and the presence of visual contact between participants in communication, however, these data are clearly not enough for a complete understanding of destructive aggression and knowledge of the ways of its regulation.
The emotion of anger does not necessarily lead to aggression, although it is one of the components of aggressive motivation. Aggressive behavior is usually caused by a variety of factors - cultural, family, and individual. Aggression can be observed even in young children. Research results show that aggressive children (that is, children who do not have the skills of social behavior), as adults, as a rule, also exhibit aggressive or criminal behavior. These data suggest that the level of aggressiveness is an innate characteristic of an individual and, as he grows up, acquires the character of a stable personality trait.
Unlike expressions of aggression, experiencing and expressing anger can have positive consequences, especially in cases where the person maintains sufficient control over himself. For the most part, an adequate expression of anger not only does not lead to a breakdown in relationships, but sometimes even strengthens them. However, it must be remembered that any manifestation of anger involves some degree of risk, since it can potentially lead to negative consequences. But the habit of constantly suppressing your anger can have even more serious consequences.
The study of the emotion of disgust provides us with a lot of valuable information about some of the essential characteristics of human emotions in general. The original and most obvious function of disgust is to motivate the rejection of unpleasant tasting or potentially harmful substances. The very mimic expression of disgust in its prototypical form acts as an instrumental reaction of refusal, as it manifests itself in the removal of unpleasant-tasting objects from the oral cavity.
Disgust is mediated by the phylogenetically most ancient part of the central nervous system - the brain stem. It is observed even in people with cerebral dysfunction. Experimental data on the neurophysiological mechanisms underlying mimic expression of disgust support our hypothesis about the innate and universal nature of basic emotional expression. They also support our assumption that emotions are the result of neurochemical processes and do not depend on the degree of development of cognitive structures. Of course, as we grow up, we learn to have an aversion to a wide variety of objects, including ideas and even our own self.
In one theory, disgust is viewed exclusively as a "food" emotion, which can only be activated by the idea of contamination or toxicity of food. This approach rigidly links the experience of disgust with cognitive abilities (the ability to understand the very idea of "contamination"), which develop in an individual no earlier than seven years of age. Although limited, this approach provides us with a foundation for understanding emotional-cognitive relationships and learned emotional responses.
The emotion of contempt is associated with a sense of superiority. It is difficult to talk about the merits or the positive meaning of a given emotion. We can only assume that in an evolutionary perspective, contempt was a kind of means of preparing an individual or group to face a dangerous adversary. Even in our time, soldiers in the army are instilled with contempt for a potential enemy, deliberately dehumanizing his image, probably so that soldiers, filled with a sense of their own superiority, show more courage in battle and easily destroy the enemy. Perhaps contempt is an adequate feeling when it is directed against such ugly social phenomena as the devastation of natural resources, environmental pollution, oppression, discrimination, crime.
The negative aspects of the emotion of contempt are fairly obvious. All prejudice and so-called "cold-blooded" murders are caused by contempt.
Situations that activate anger often simultaneously activate the emotions of disgust and contempt. The combination of these three emotions can be seen as a triad of hostility. However, hostility must be distinguished from aggressive behavior. Feelings of hostility increase the likelihood of aggression, but do not necessarily lead to it. A person with hostile feelings may not be aggressive. Conversely, you can behave aggressively without feeling hostile.
Most of the reasons for the emotion of anger fall under the definition of frustration. Pain and prolonged sadness can act as natural (innate) anger activators.
The mimic reaction of anger involves frowning and bared teeth, or tightening the lips. Experiencing anger is characterized by high levels of tension and impulsivity. A person feels much more confident in anger than in any other negative emotion.
The adaptive functions of anger are more evident in an evolutionary perspective than in everyday life. Anger mobilizes the energy necessary for self-defense, gives the individual a sense of strength and courage. Self-confidence and a sense of one's own strength stimulate the individual to defend his rights, that is, to defend himself as a person. Thus, the emotion of anger performs a useful function in the life of a modern person. In addition, mild, controlled anger can be used therapeutically to suppress fear.
For heuristic purposes, the theory of differential emotions distinguishes between hostility (affective-cognitive processes), affective expression (including angry and hostile expression), and aggressive acts. We have deliberately narrowed down the concept of aggression. By aggression, we mean verbal and physical actions of an offensive or harmful nature.
The emotional profile of an imaginary anger situation resembles the emotional profile for a hostile situation. The pattern of emotions observed during the experience of anger is similar to the pattern of emotions in situations of hostility, disgust, and contempt, although in the last two emotionally significant situations, potentially important differences are noted in the severity and in the ordinal ranks of indicators of individual emotions.
Anger, disgust, and contempt interact with both other affects and cognitive structures. Stable interactions between any of these emotions and cognitive structures can be seen as a personality indicator of hostility. Managing the emotions of anger, disgust, and contempt is a challenge for humans. The unregulated influence of these emotions on thinking and behavior can lead to serious disorders of adaptation and the development of psychosomatic symptoms.
Several studies suggest that emotional communication plays an important role in interpersonal aggression. As other factors of aggression, researchers name the degree of physical intimacy and the presence of visual contact between participants in communication, however, these data are clearly not enough for a complete understanding of destructive aggression and knowledge of the ways of its regulation.
The emotion of anger does not necessarily lead to aggression, although it is one of the components of aggressive motivation. Aggressive behavior is usually caused by a variety of factors - cultural, family, and individual. Aggression can be observed even in young children. Research results show that aggressive children (that is, children who do not have the skills of social behavior), as adults, as a rule, also exhibit aggressive or criminal behavior. These data suggest that the level of aggressiveness is an innate characteristic of an individual and, as he grows up, acquires the character of a stable personality trait.
Unlike expressions of aggression, experiencing and expressing anger can have positive consequences, especially in cases where the person maintains sufficient control over himself. For the most part, an adequate expression of anger not only does not lead to a breakdown in relationships, but sometimes even strengthens them. However, it must be remembered that any manifestation of anger involves some degree of risk, since it can potentially lead to negative consequences. But the habit of constantly suppressing your anger can have even more serious consequences.
The study of the emotion of disgust provides us with a lot of valuable information about some of the essential characteristics of human emotions in general. The original and most obvious function of disgust is to motivate the rejection of unpleasant tasting or potentially harmful substances. The very mimic expression of disgust in its prototypical form acts as an instrumental reaction of refusal, as it manifests itself in the removal of unpleasant-tasting objects from the oral cavity.
Disgust is mediated by the phylogenetically most ancient part of the central nervous system - the brain stem. It is observed even in people with cerebral dysfunction. Experimental data on the neurophysiological mechanisms underlying mimic expression of disgust support our hypothesis about the innate and universal nature of basic emotional expression. They also support our assumption that emotions are the result of neurochemical processes and do not depend on the degree of development of cognitive structures. Of course, as we grow up, we learn to have an aversion to a wide variety of objects, including ideas and even our own self.
In one theory, disgust is viewed exclusively as a "food" emotion, which can only be activated by the idea of contamination or toxicity of food. This approach rigidly links the experience of disgust with cognitive abilities (the ability to understand the very idea of "contamination"), which develop in an individual no earlier than seven years of age. Although limited, this approach provides us with a foundation for understanding emotional-cognitive relationships and learned emotional responses.
The emotion of contempt is associated with a sense of superiority. It is difficult to talk about the merits or the positive meaning of a given emotion. We can only assume that in an evolutionary perspective, contempt was a kind of means of preparing an individual or group to face a dangerous adversary. Even in our time, soldiers in the army are instilled with contempt for a potential enemy, deliberately dehumanizing his image, probably so that soldiers, filled with a sense of their own superiority, show more courage in battle and easily destroy the enemy. Perhaps contempt is an adequate feeling when it is directed against such ugly social phenomena as the devastation of natural resources, environmental pollution, oppression, discrimination, crime.
The negative aspects of the emotion of contempt are fairly obvious. All prejudice and so-called "cold-blooded" murders are caused by contempt.
Situations that activate anger often simultaneously activate the emotions of disgust and contempt. The combination of these three emotions can be seen as a triad of hostility. However, hostility must be distinguished from aggressive behavior. Feelings of hostility increase the likelihood of aggression, but do not necessarily lead to it. A person with hostile feelings may not be aggressive. Conversely, you can behave aggressively without feeling hostile.
