10 types of lies

[Teacher]

Salute to those who like to fuck up someone else's account, now we will talk about 10 types of lies that we believe for some reason.

Lie 1. Without a couple means "lonely"
Just because you're alone right now doesn't mean you're alone.
And, for that matter, personal relationships are far from a guarantee of happiness.
And being without a mate will never make you as lonely as you are in the wrong relationship.
If you realize that nothing good will come of life with this person, it is better to break off this relationship and spend some time with the most important person in your life — yourself. Try to find yourself.
Regain your self-esteem.
And the next time you find yourself in a rapidly sinking personal relationship, you'll be ready to leave in time.

Lie 2. Happiness is when you have everything you want
Just because you're happy doesn't mean you don't want something.
You're just grateful for what you have and waiting patiently for what happens.
Sometimes we get so caught up in the desire for something big that we completely stop noticing the tiny things that make our lives magical.
So appreciate today — believe me, it's worth it.
After all, it is one of those "good old days" that you will remember with such nostalgia in your old age.

Lie 3. If someone feels bad, you'll see it right away
We all get hurt, scared, and bad.
It's just that some people have learned to hide it much better than others.
You don't know what's going on behind the closed doors of their souls, so judging people just by what you see is a waste of time and effort.
If you have time to discuss and judge other people, you probably have too much free time.
Better direct it to something worthy.

Lie 4. Life has to go a certain way, and nothing else
No one can do more harm than ourselves.
But by inflicting a wound on our soul, we can also heal it-sometimes it is enough not to be shy about our thoughts and be realistic.
After all, we always have a choice of how to respond to the situations that life confronts us.
So give up the unrealistic image in your head that you're trying to fit into your life, and start seeing it for what it is.
Change what is changeable, change your perspective on what cannot be changed, and keep moving forward.

Lie 5. You have to be like someone else
When you stop comparing yourself to other people, whether real or fictional, and when you stop comparing yourself to other versions of yourself (mostly existing only in your head), only then do you begin to live in peace — and only in this peace there is absolutely nothing illusory.

Lie 6. Only a select few live truly great lives
If every morning you wake up with the words "Today is a great day for me" and fall asleep, realizing how good it was...
Only then, one day, after many years, will you be able to remember the past, smile and say: "My life was just great."

Lie 7. We don't need hard times
Sometimes, in order to find happiness, you need to go through a real hell.
Sometimes, in order to meet the right people, you need to get rid of those who don't belong in your life.
Sometimes, in order to understand what it means to be strong, you must feel weak.
Sometimes you need to feel your soul split apart to find an unbreakable integrity.
Sometimes, to find the one person with whom you can live the rest of your life, you need to go through crowds of people.
Sometimes we have to embrace both the good and the bad with open arms, knowing that in the end, both bring us invaluable experience.

Lie 8. Being strong means not feeling pain
In fact, strong people are those who feel pain, accept it, learn everything they can from it, and then overcome it.
The essence of strength is the determination to ask for a break, shed tears, dust yourself off, and then return to the ring to fight like you've never fought before.

9. Lying "for good" is normal
Before you say "I love you", feel the love.
Be really grateful by thanking someone.
Feel remorse when you apologize.
Believe me, when your words are backed up with genuine emotion, they reach deep into other people's hearts.

False 10. Dreams are a waste of time
The greatest gifts are those that are not visible to the eyes, but are felt in the heart.
What we see is only a small part of what is possible.
Imagination is the ability to look beyond the horizon, to imagine something that is very important to us, but is still hidden from view.
Somewhere and someday, something incredible is waiting for you-if your dream is enough to get it.

 

[Brother]

How to detect lies in speech?​

A very good addition to articles about calibrations and psychotypes.
In our opinion, speech is one of the most informative channels for lie detection. American polygraph examiner Nathan Gordon, director of the Academy for Scientific Investigation Education, has developed techniques for “forensic assessment interviews” and “complex interrogation”. He is a recognized expert in forensic psychophysiology and an international expert in interviewing for the court and investigative authorities, and also focuses on speech. As a polygraph examiner, N. Gordon has been analyzing the truthful and false answers of the respondents for more than 10 years and has created his own method, which is accepted in all US courts as evidence, in contrast to the polygraph, which is prohibited in 23 states.
Silence is one of the simplest and most common forms of deception. Here the liar purposefully hides information, but does not report false information. Silence is less energy consuming. At the same time, a liar may not show any markers of lies, since silence is also less socially punishable.
Silence, as a rule, manifests itself in the form:

• refusal to conduct any communication, or its conduct through proxies and lawyers, without giving out any information. This is not a sign of a lie, but an indicator that a person has something to hide;
• “No comment” is a favorite phrase of politicians. When a person utters such words, answering a provocative question, he thereby makes it clear that the information he is hiding is in this test topic;
• “I won't tell you anything” is another stereotype of a liar's behavior. When the interviewed person makes such statements, it is immediately clear that he has something to hide. The verifier needs to remember that even when a person is silent, he still communicates a lot.

The main form of lying is distortion . In distortion, the liar provides false information instead of truthful information. Therefore, the distortion is more energy-intensive, which means that the markers of lies, for example, signs of lies according to the ANS, become more obvious.
The structure of the speech of a involved person consists of the following psycholinguistic stereotypes:

• “Generalization”, those involved use the so-called universality quantifiers: “all”, “always”, “nobody”, “never”. They try to increase the circle of suspects when they are asked a question about the possible involvement of them or someone else.
• "Justifying the intentions of the offender." In the answers of the person involved, concerning the identity of the offender, exculpatory motives sound. Negative words are not used in relation to the criminal act.
• "Changing the picture of the perception of the event." The person involved tries to present the perfect event based on a different model of perception of the world. All these speech stereotypes are united by one behavioral setting - to excuse and understand the offender, since he is also a human being. Mitigation of negative assessments of the individual and the situation is accompanied by constant dissociation of oneself from the event being investigated: “I don't know”, “I haven't seen”, “I don't understand the essence of the questions ”;
• "Distancing from the person's personality." The liar tries to dissociate himself from the personality of the person who has been harmed. As a rule, he uses pronouns without calling the victim by name: “that person”, “he”, “she”, “they”, with great difficulty calls the person by name.

The structure of the speech of an uninvolved person is different.
Having considered the general tendency of a liar's speech, it is necessary to consider some particular examples of the display of lies in speech. The main signs of a lie that we pay attention to are evasions, emphasis, careless statements, slips of the tongue and tirades.
Some examples of verbal evasions to a test question:

• lack of an answer to a direct question ("Good question, ...", "It's funny, by the way, where is our ...");
• demonstration of forgetfulness ("It was so long ago ...", "As far as I remember, no.");
• ignoring the question (Doing something else, not answering the question; not answering this question, "this is not the point, the point is different ...");
• philosophical answer ("From a philosophical point of view ...");
• lack of understanding of the essence of the questions ("What, what?", "I do not understand");
• reinforced excuses, accompanied by an emphasis ("There will be no default," B. Yeltsin before the default).

Emphase (from ancient Greek "expressiveness") is an emotionally expressive highlighting of any significant element of an utterance or its semantic shades. Emphasis often indicates that a person is trying to impose his point of view as the only correct one. The question arises why a person does this.
During an interview, a liar is often given careless statements and leaks of speech, they are also called "reservations according to Freud." In a stressful situation, the involved person may let loose. The verifier needs to be careful in order to further use this leak in their conversation. With a well-structured polling conversation, there can be a lot of leaks.
A tirade is different from a slip of the tongue (speech leak) and evasion. Here the mistake is not one word or phrase, but a large set of phrases, often emotionally charged. The interviewee thus tries to prevent the verifier from accessing the hidden information, tries to blabber him. At the same time, the participant does not immediately realize the consequences of his revelations. The realization that he has betrayed himself comes when the liar's words are recorded and presented to him as evidence or consequences.
The verifier should pay attention to the general structure of the interviewed person's speech. And also take into account all possible speech evasions on test questions, track careless statements or speech slips, pay attention to tirades and emphatic statements. And also when analyzing speech, you need to remember that the only sure sign of deception does not exist.

 

[Father]

Types of lies​

In psychology, there are such concepts as a recipient (perceiver) and an inductor (producing), we will call them a liar and a victim of deception, since two people usually take part in deception: the subject and the object of the lie.

Speaking about a lie, it is necessary to note the main points that must be taken into account when analyzing the behavior of a liar and a victim of a deception:

• the subject of the lie prepares, intends to lie, i.e. knows he is lying;
• experiencing pleasant or unpleasant emotions;
• creates the appearance of truth, plans a lie;
• sure or not sure about a favorable outcome for oneself;
• the object of the lie thinks or does not think that the given message is true;
• perceives or does not perceive the appearance of truth;
• expects or does not expect honest behavior on the part of the liar.

The types of lies will depend on the point of view from which we will consider it. Despite the diversity that exists in the intentions of the liar, all types of lies will appear in speech either as silence or as distortion, therefore, following P. Ekman, we argue that these two forms of lies are the main ones.
Unlike other authors who detail various forms of lying, we believe that there is no practical sense in this, since silence and distortion, as experience shows, for the most part are very clearly manifested in the behavioral stereotypes of a liar.
However, we note that in the practice of lie detection in their pure form, these forms are practically not found, more often they are combined with each other. This circumstance allows us to introduce a third form of lying - combined or hybrid.
Let's take a closer look at the forms of lying.

Default.
By default, the liar hides the truth, but does not communicate false information, so this form of lying is less energy intensive and therefore more beneficial.
Many deceivers prefer to remain silent when choosing a form of lie.
This is due to the fact that, firstly, there is no need to invent anything; secondly, there is no need to strain your memory; third, silence is less reprehensible than distortion because it is passive. However, the silence is a lie, since there is information and the intent is to hide it.

Distortion.
When distorted, the liar takes additional actions. He not only hides the truth, but also provides the victim of deception with false information, passing it off as true. Distortion is more energy-intensive and more reprehensible, so the signs of a deception leak are more noticeable, since the liar has to think over his actions and use certain mechanisms, spend his resources on conveying the information he needs to the deceiving victim, which leads to behavior that can be used. notice the discrepancy between verbal and non-verbal signals.
And the main task of the verifier is to do everything possible so that the person involved turns from silence into distortion.

Source: Evgeny Spiritsa, The Psychology of Lies and Deception