A "carder", in the original meaning of the word, is a person who likes to research the details of programmable systems, studies how to improve their capabilities, programs something with enthusiasm, and simply loves to program. Also, a "hacker" is a person who is an expert in a particular field (for example, describing a person as a "Unix hacker" means that a person is an expert in using this system, but a person can also be an "astronomy hacker", which means that he is an expert in this area). A "carder" can also refer to a person who likes intellectual challenges that involve creatively overcoming or circumventing existing limitations.
Recently, the word "hacker" has been used to define a person who uses their own or other people's knowledge in the field of computer and other high technologies to commit criminal activities, such as, for example, illegal entry into closed networks. There are also less generalized types of "hackers": carders (hacking and illegal use of information on other people's credit cards), crackers (hacking the protection of copyrighted software products), script kiddies (using ready-made exploits and vulnerabilities to commit hacks), network pirates (engaged in unauthorized distribution of copyrighted software products and other related rights), etc.
"Hackers" who use their skills and knowledge for peaceful purposes and for the benefit of society are also called "White Caps". They are also often referred to as"Ethical Hackers". These "hackers" who do not break the law are often hired by companies to research and test the security of their systems. Other "White Caps" operate without the permission of companies, bypassing, but not violating the laws and integrity of systems, as well as inventing new interesting things.
"Hackers" who use their skills and knowledge for personal gain, violation of the law, and other illegal actions are called "Black Caps".
He is also called the Who, and is also known as Steve from Apple. Wozniak and Jobs founded Apple Computer. Who began hacking with the creation of blue boxes that allow users to bypass switching mechanisms in phone lines, which allows you to make long-distance calls for free. Jobs and Woz sold these blue boxes to fellow students and even used it themselves to call the Pope, pretending to be Henry Kissinger.
Wozniak dropped out of college and invented the computer that made him famous. Jobs had the idea to sell these computers as a full-fledged device. They thought about this idea and implemented it in Jobs garage. Wozniak and Jobs sold the first 100 Apple I's to a local retailer for $666.66 each.
At the moment, Who has focused on charity and no longer works for Apple full-time. Wozniak "adopted" the Los Gatos School District, providing teachers and students with hands-on training and the latest technical support.
Berners-Lee is respected for inventing the World Wide Web (WWW). Berners-Lee has received many awards, including the Millennium Technology Prize.
Berners-Lee was first caught "hacking" when he cracked access codes with a friend while studying at Oxford. After that, he was banned from accessing university computers.
Berners-Lee realized that hypertext can be connected to the Internet. Berners-Lee recalls how he did it: "All I had to do was take the idea of hypertext, combine it with the ideas of TCP and DNS, and ... voila! - World Wide Web".
After the invention of the World Wide Web, Berners-Lee founded the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. The W3C describes itself as "an international consortium where member organizations, consortium employees, and third parties work together to create Network standards." The idea of the Berners-Lee World Wide Web, as well as the W3C standards, are distributed free of charge without patents or legal fees.
Linus is the founding father of Linux — a popular operating system based on Unix. He calls himself an engineer, and says that his goal is simple: "I just want to have fun building the best operating system in the world."
Torvalds introduction to computers began with the Comodore VIC-20, an 8-bit home computer. Later, he moved to Sinclair QL. Wikipedia reports that he significantly modified his Sinclair, especially the operating system, and more precisely, Torvalds 'modifications included" assembly language, a text editor, and several games."
Torvalds created the Linux kernel in 1991, using the Minix operating system for inspiration. He started with a task switcher for the 80386 platform and a terminal window. After that, he called on other programmers to contribute. Currently, about 2% of the Linux kernel code is written by Torvalds himself. The success of this public invitation to make code changes is one of the most famous examples of free software.
Torvalds currently serves as the leader of the Linux fraternity and coordinates all changes that volunteer programmers make to the kernel code. An asteroid was named in his honor, he received honorary doctorates from the University of Stockholm and the University of Helsinki, and his name is also mentioned in Time magazine's "60 Years of Heroes".
Stallman's fame comes from the GNU Project, which he founded to develop a free operating system, and for this he is considered the father of free software.
His "serious biography" reads: "Paid software leaves people helpless and hesitant, forbidding them to share or modify it. A free operating system is the foundation for people to be able to use computers freely.
Stallman, who prefers to be called rms, started hacking at MIT. He worked as a full-time hacker on the Emacs project and others. He was critical of the limited access to the lab. When the password protection system was installed, Stallman hacked it, reset the passwords, and sent emails to users about canceling the system.
Stallman's crusade for free software started because of the printer. At the MIT lab, he and other "hackers" were allowed to modify the printers code so that they would produce clear error messages. However, a new printer arrived and they were forbidden to change anything. He was far away from the lab, and the lack of messages was inconvenient. It was at this point that he "became convinced that the software should be free."
Inspired by this, he started working on GNU. Stallman wrote an abstract, "The GNU Project," in which he chose to work on the operating system because it is the foundation,"the key software for using a computer." At that time, the version of the GNU/Linux operating system used the Linux kernel started by Torvalds. The GNU operating system is distributed under a "copyleft" license, which uses copyright to allow users to use, modify, copy, and distribute the software.
Stallman's life continues to revolve around promoting the idea of free software. He works against movements like Digital Rights Media (or as he likes to call it, Digital Restrictions Management), with the help of organizations like the Free Software Foundation and the League of Programming Freedom. For his work, he received wide recognition, as well as awards, scholarships and four honorary doctorates.
Shimomura did not achieve fame in the most successful way: he was hacked by Kevin Mitnick. Shocked by the attack, he made it his life's goal to help the FBI catch him.
Shimomura's work in catching Kevin Mitnick is commendable, but he's not without sin himself. Bruce Sterling recalls, "He pulls out an AT&T mobile phone, unpacks it, takes it apart, and starts listening to phone conversations going through Capitol Hill while an FBI employee stands behind him and listens to him."
Shimomura had Mitnick hack it to find it. Shortly after discovering the break-in, he assembled a team and continued working to catch Mitnick. Using Mitnick's mobile phone, they tracked him to Raleigh-Durham International Airport. The article "SDSC Computer Experts help the FBI catch a computer terrorist explains how Shimomura managed to pinpoint Mitnick's location. Together with a technician from the phone company, Shimomura "used a frequency location antenna connected to a laptop to narrow down the search area to a residential complex." Mitnick was soon arrested. Following this, Shimomura, along with journalist John Markoff, wrote a book about the incident, which was later adapted into a film.
Mitnick is probably already synonymous with the word "hacker." The US Department of Justice still calls him "the most wanted computer criminal in the entire history of the United States. "His actions were commemorated in films such as" Takedown" and "Freedom Downtime".
Mitnick began his career by hacking into the Los Angeles system of issuing cards for bus travel, thanks to which he was able to ride them for free. Then, like Steve Wozniak of Apple, Mitnick tried to engage in phone phreaking. Mitnick was first convicted of breaking into DEC's computer network and stealing software.
Later, Mitnick spent two and a half years engaged in "hacking activities" on both sides of the continent. He said he hacked into computers, broke into phone networks, stole corporate secrets, and broke into the national attack warning system. His sunset came when he hacked into the home computer of computer expert and "hacker" Tsutomu Shimomura.
Mitnick is now a useful member of society. After being held in solitary confinement for 5 years and 8 months, he is now an author of defensive computer systems, a consultant and lecturer on computer security.
Lamo caused serious damage to large organizations by breaking into the networks of Microsoft and the NY Times. Lamo used internet connections everywhere: in cafes, Kinko's, and libraries, to improve his skills. This earned him the nickname " Homeless Hacker." Lamo often found security bugs and cracked them. He also often informed companies about errors.
Lamo's list of wins includes companies such as Yahoo!, Citigroup, Bank of America, and Cingular. Of course, the White Caps did the same thing, but they did it legally, and the companies hired them to perform these actions, and Lamo acted in violation of the laws.
Lamo's intrusion into the NY Times network brought him to the attention of cybercrime opponents. For this, the court ordered him to pay $65,000 in compensation. In addition, he was sentenced to 6 months of house arrest and 2 years of probation. The probationary period expired in January 2007. Lamo is now a well-known lecturer and journalist.
At the age of 16, Jonathan became widely known for being the first minor sent to prison for "hacking." Later, he said he was having fun, looking around, and enjoying the challenges.
James attacked high-level organizations, including the Defense Threat Reduction Agency, which is part of the U.S. Department of Defense. Thanks to this hack, he gained access to usernames and passwords, and was also able to view high-security emails.
In continuation of the list of his "victories", it should be noted that he managed to break into the NASA network and steal software worth more than $1.5 million. The Justice Department said: "The software that James stole is responsible for the life support system of international space stations, including the temperature and humidity control system in the living quarters." After discovering the hack, NASA had to turn off the system to check and bring it into working condition, which cost taxpayers $41,000. Today, James plans to open a computer security company.
Robert is the son of a former NSA scientist named Robert Morris. He is the creator of the Morris worm. This worm is the first computer worm to be distributed over the Internet. For his actions, he was the first person to be prosecuted under the 1986 Computer Fraud and Infringement Act.
Morris created the worm when he was a student at Cornell, and said that he created it in order to find out how big the Internet was at that time. And the worm spread through the network uncontrollably and with great speed, shutting down many computers, causing them to malfunction. Experts say that more than 6,000 computers were damaged. Morris was sentenced to 3 years of probation, 400 hours of community service and ordered to pay $10,500.
Morris is now a full professor at MIT's Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence lab. His field is computer network architecture.
Better known as Dark Dante. Poulsen gained public notoriety for hacking the phone lines of Los Angeles radio station KIIS-FM. This hack allowed him to win a Porsche and many other valuable prizes.
The FBI began searching for Poulsen after he hacked into their database and gained access to classified information related to wiretapping. Poulsen's specialty was telephone lines, and he often hacked the telephone lines of stations. Poulsen also restored old Yellow Pages phone numbers for a friend who owned a virtual escort agency. Poulsen looked like an unsolvable problem, but was soon caught and sentenced to 5 years.
Since leaving prison, Poulsen has worked as a journalist and was promoted to editor-in-chief of Wired News. His most popular article describes the process of identifying 744 sex addicts based on their MySpace profiles.
MarvQuin
Recently, the word "hacker" has been used to define a person who uses their own or other people's knowledge in the field of computer and other high technologies to commit criminal activities, such as, for example, illegal entry into closed networks. There are also less generalized types of "hackers": carders (hacking and illegal use of information on other people's credit cards), crackers (hacking the protection of copyrighted software products), script kiddies (using ready-made exploits and vulnerabilities to commit hacks), network pirates (engaged in unauthorized distribution of copyrighted software products and other related rights), etc.
"Hackers" who use their skills and knowledge for peaceful purposes and for the benefit of society are also called "White Caps". They are also often referred to as"Ethical Hackers". These "hackers" who do not break the law are often hired by companies to research and test the security of their systems. Other "White Caps" operate without the permission of companies, bypassing, but not violating the laws and integrity of systems, as well as inventing new interesting things.
"Hackers" who use their skills and knowledge for personal gain, violation of the law, and other illegal actions are called "Black Caps".
"White Caps"
This part of the article discusses some of the most famous "White Caps" and their inventions and technologies that they created.Stephen Wozniak
Wozniak dropped out of college and invented the computer that made him famous. Jobs had the idea to sell these computers as a full-fledged device. They thought about this idea and implemented it in Jobs garage. Wozniak and Jobs sold the first 100 Apple I's to a local retailer for $666.66 each.
At the moment, Who has focused on charity and no longer works for Apple full-time. Wozniak "adopted" the Los Gatos School District, providing teachers and students with hands-on training and the latest technical support.
Tim Berners-Lee
Berners-Lee was first caught "hacking" when he cracked access codes with a friend while studying at Oxford. After that, he was banned from accessing university computers.
Berners-Lee realized that hypertext can be connected to the Internet. Berners-Lee recalls how he did it: "All I had to do was take the idea of hypertext, combine it with the ideas of TCP and DNS, and ... voila! - World Wide Web".
After the invention of the World Wide Web, Berners-Lee founded the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. The W3C describes itself as "an international consortium where member organizations, consortium employees, and third parties work together to create Network standards." The idea of the Berners-Lee World Wide Web, as well as the W3C standards, are distributed free of charge without patents or legal fees.
Linus Torvalds
Torvalds introduction to computers began with the Comodore VIC-20, an 8-bit home computer. Later, he moved to Sinclair QL. Wikipedia reports that he significantly modified his Sinclair, especially the operating system, and more precisely, Torvalds 'modifications included" assembly language, a text editor, and several games."
Torvalds created the Linux kernel in 1991, using the Minix operating system for inspiration. He started with a task switcher for the 80386 platform and a terminal window. After that, he called on other programmers to contribute. Currently, about 2% of the Linux kernel code is written by Torvalds himself. The success of this public invitation to make code changes is one of the most famous examples of free software.
Torvalds currently serves as the leader of the Linux fraternity and coordinates all changes that volunteer programmers make to the kernel code. An asteroid was named in his honor, he received honorary doctorates from the University of Stockholm and the University of Helsinki, and his name is also mentioned in Time magazine's "60 Years of Heroes".
Richard Stallman
His "serious biography" reads: "Paid software leaves people helpless and hesitant, forbidding them to share or modify it. A free operating system is the foundation for people to be able to use computers freely.
Stallman, who prefers to be called rms, started hacking at MIT. He worked as a full-time hacker on the Emacs project and others. He was critical of the limited access to the lab. When the password protection system was installed, Stallman hacked it, reset the passwords, and sent emails to users about canceling the system.
Stallman's crusade for free software started because of the printer. At the MIT lab, he and other "hackers" were allowed to modify the printers code so that they would produce clear error messages. However, a new printer arrived and they were forbidden to change anything. He was far away from the lab, and the lack of messages was inconvenient. It was at this point that he "became convinced that the software should be free."
Inspired by this, he started working on GNU. Stallman wrote an abstract, "The GNU Project," in which he chose to work on the operating system because it is the foundation,"the key software for using a computer." At that time, the version of the GNU/Linux operating system used the Linux kernel started by Torvalds. The GNU operating system is distributed under a "copyleft" license, which uses copyright to allow users to use, modify, copy, and distribute the software.
Stallman's life continues to revolve around promoting the idea of free software. He works against movements like Digital Rights Media (or as he likes to call it, Digital Restrictions Management), with the help of organizations like the Free Software Foundation and the League of Programming Freedom. For his work, he received wide recognition, as well as awards, scholarships and four honorary doctorates.
Tsutomu Shimomura
Shimomura's work in catching Kevin Mitnick is commendable, but he's not without sin himself. Bruce Sterling recalls, "He pulls out an AT&T mobile phone, unpacks it, takes it apart, and starts listening to phone conversations going through Capitol Hill while an FBI employee stands behind him and listens to him."
Shimomura had Mitnick hack it to find it. Shortly after discovering the break-in, he assembled a team and continued working to catch Mitnick. Using Mitnick's mobile phone, they tracked him to Raleigh-Durham International Airport. The article "SDSC Computer Experts help the FBI catch a computer terrorist explains how Shimomura managed to pinpoint Mitnick's location. Together with a technician from the phone company, Shimomura "used a frequency location antenna connected to a laptop to narrow down the search area to a residential complex." Mitnick was soon arrested. Following this, Shimomura, along with journalist John Markoff, wrote a book about the incident, which was later adapted into a film.
Black Caps
The people described below belong to the kind of "hackers" that we are used to seeing them in. You may have seen them get arrested for cyber crimes while they were just coming out of transition age. Some of them committed crimes for profit, others solely for fun.Kevin Mitnick
Mitnick began his career by hacking into the Los Angeles system of issuing cards for bus travel, thanks to which he was able to ride them for free. Then, like Steve Wozniak of Apple, Mitnick tried to engage in phone phreaking. Mitnick was first convicted of breaking into DEC's computer network and stealing software.
Later, Mitnick spent two and a half years engaged in "hacking activities" on both sides of the continent. He said he hacked into computers, broke into phone networks, stole corporate secrets, and broke into the national attack warning system. His sunset came when he hacked into the home computer of computer expert and "hacker" Tsutomu Shimomura.
Mitnick is now a useful member of society. After being held in solitary confinement for 5 years and 8 months, he is now an author of defensive computer systems, a consultant and lecturer on computer security.
Adrian Lamo
Lamo's list of wins includes companies such as Yahoo!, Citigroup, Bank of America, and Cingular. Of course, the White Caps did the same thing, but they did it legally, and the companies hired them to perform these actions, and Lamo acted in violation of the laws.
Lamo's intrusion into the NY Times network brought him to the attention of cybercrime opponents. For this, the court ordered him to pay $65,000 in compensation. In addition, he was sentenced to 6 months of house arrest and 2 years of probation. The probationary period expired in January 2007. Lamo is now a well-known lecturer and journalist.
Jonathan James
James attacked high-level organizations, including the Defense Threat Reduction Agency, which is part of the U.S. Department of Defense. Thanks to this hack, he gained access to usernames and passwords, and was also able to view high-security emails.
In continuation of the list of his "victories", it should be noted that he managed to break into the NASA network and steal software worth more than $1.5 million. The Justice Department said: "The software that James stole is responsible for the life support system of international space stations, including the temperature and humidity control system in the living quarters." After discovering the hack, NASA had to turn off the system to check and bring it into working condition, which cost taxpayers $41,000. Today, James plans to open a computer security company.
Robert Tappan Morris
Morris created the worm when he was a student at Cornell, and said that he created it in order to find out how big the Internet was at that time. And the worm spread through the network uncontrollably and with great speed, shutting down many computers, causing them to malfunction. Experts say that more than 6,000 computers were damaged. Morris was sentenced to 3 years of probation, 400 hours of community service and ordered to pay $10,500.
Morris is now a full professor at MIT's Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence lab. His field is computer network architecture.
Kevin Poulsen
The FBI began searching for Poulsen after he hacked into their database and gained access to classified information related to wiretapping. Poulsen's specialty was telephone lines, and he often hacked the telephone lines of stations. Poulsen also restored old Yellow Pages phone numbers for a friend who owned a virtual escort agency. Poulsen looked like an unsolvable problem, but was soon caught and sentenced to 5 years.
Since leaving prison, Poulsen has worked as a journalist and was promoted to editor-in-chief of Wired News. His most popular article describes the process of identifying 744 sex addicts based on their MySpace profiles.
Materials used:
WikipediaMarvQuin
