Detailed Step-by-Step Guide to Filing Your 2025 U.S. Federal Income Tax Return and Claiming a Refund
As a U.S. citizen or resident (including those living abroad, such as in Paris), you must file a federal income tax return if your income meets certain thresholds, or even if it doesn't, to claim a refund of overwithheld taxes or refundable credits. A legitimate refund is only possible by accurately reporting
your own income, withholdings, deductions, and credits on Form 1040 using
your own documents.
Current Status (as of January 21, 2026): The IRS is expected to begin accepting and processing 2025 individual tax returns on or around
January 26 or 27, 2026 (exact date confirmed annually on irs.gov). The filing deadline is
April 15, 2026 (or June 15, 2026, for U.S. taxpayers living abroad, with automatic extension for filing — but pay any owed taxes by April 15 to avoid penalties). Most e-filed refunds are issued within 21 days.
Step 1: Gather Personal Information
You'll need this for identification and verification:
- Your full name, date of birth, and Social Security Number (SSN) or Individual Taxpayer Identification Number (ITIN).
- Same for your spouse (if married filing jointly) and any dependents (e.g., children).
- Prior year's tax return (for reference, especially AGI for e-filing PIN).
- Bank account and routing numbers (for direct deposit of refund — fastest and safest method).
- IP PIN (Identity Protection PIN) if you have one (issued by IRS for identity theft protection; check your IRS online account).
Step 2: Collect All Income Documents
These report what you earned in 2025. Employers and payers must send them by January 31, 2026. Common forms:
- Form W-2: Wages, salary, tips, and taxes withheld from employers.
- Form 1099-NEC or 1099-MISC: Non-employee compensation (freelance, gig work, independent contracting).
- Form 1099-G: Unemployment benefits, state tax refunds.
- Form 1099-INT: Interest income from banks.
- Form 1099-DIV: Dividends from investments.
- Form 1099-B: Proceeds from stock/brokerage sales.
- Form 1099-R: Distributions from pensions, annuities, retirement accounts, IRAs.
- Form SSA-1099: Social Security benefits.
- Form 1099-K: Payment card/third-party network transactions (e.g., PayPal, Venmo for business).
- If self-employed: Records of business income/expenses (Schedule C).
- For expats: Records of foreign income (even if excludable).
Tip: If a document is missing, contact the issuer or use your IRS online account transcript (irs.gov) to view reported info.
Step 3: Collect Documents for Deductions, Adjustments, and Credits
These reduce your taxable income or tax liability (and some are refundable, creating a refund even if you owe $0 tax).
- Adjustments to Income (Above-the-Line Deductions):
- Student loan interest (Form 1098-E).
- HSA contributions (Form 5498-SA).
- Self-employed health insurance or retirement contributions.
- For expats: Foreign housing expenses (receipts for rent, utilities if claiming housing exclusion).
- Itemized Deductions (Schedule A — if better than standard deduction):
- Mortgage interest and property taxes (Form 1098).
- State/local taxes paid (up to limits).
- Medical expenses (exceeding 7.5% of AGI; receipts).
- Charitable contributions (receipts, acknowledgment letters for $250+ donations).
- Credits (Can Generate Refunds):
- Earned Income Tax Credit (EITC): Income docs and qualifying child info.
- Child Tax Credit/Additional Child Tax Credit: Birth certificates/SSNs for dependents.
- Child and Dependent Care Credit: Provider EIN/name/address and receipts (Form W-10).
- Education credits (American Opportunity/Lifetime Learning): Form 1098-T from school, receipts for expenses.
- Premium Tax Credit (health insurance via Marketplace): Form 1095-A.
- Energy credits: Receipts for home improvements (e.g., solar panels).
- Expat-Specific:
- To claim Foreign Earned Income Exclusion (up to $130,000 for 2025) or housing exclusion: Form 2555 requires proof of foreign residency (e.g., visa, lease) or bona fide residence/physical presence test dates.
- Foreign Tax Credit (Form 1116): Foreign tax statements.
Standard Deduction (2025 amounts — confirm on irs.gov):
- Single: ~$14,600
- Married Filing Jointly: ~$29,200
- Head of Household: ~$21,900 (Extra for age 65+ or blind.)
Step 4: Choose Your Filing Method
- Free Options (Recommended for Most):
- IRS Free File: If AGI ≤ $84,000–$89,000 (varies by partner; check irs.gov/freefile). Guided software from partners like TurboTax, H&R Block (free federal, sometimes state).
- IRS Direct File: Limited states/simple returns (pilot program; check eligibility).
- Free File Fillable Forms: For any income, but no guidance (like electronic paper forms).
- VITA/TCE: Free in-person help if income ≤ $67,000 or other qualifiers.
- Paid Software: TurboTax, H&R Block, TaxAct — e-file and guidance.
- Tax Professional: CPA, Enrolled Agent (especially for expats/complex situations; find via irs.gov).
- Paper Filing: Download forms from irs.gov (slowest; mail with certified mail for proof).
Step 5: Prepare and Review Your Return
- Use software or forms to input data accurately.
- Key Form: Form 1040 (or 1040-SR if 65+).
- Attach schedules as needed (e.g., Schedule 1 for adjustments, Schedule A for itemizing).
- For expats: Include Form 2555 (FEIE) or Form 1116 (foreign tax credit); automatic 2-month extension to June 15.
- Sign electronically (PIN) or on paper.
- Double-check math, SSNs, bank info.
Step 6: File Your Return
- E-File: Fastest, most accurate (required for some). Free via software.
- Mail: If paper, use address from irs.gov instructions (varies by state/payment).
- Expat note: File from abroad via e-file or mail to specific address (e.g., Austin, TX for some).
Step 7: Track Your Refund and Follow Up
- Use "Where's My Refund?" on irs.gov (24–48 hours after e-filing) or IRS2Go app.
- Need SSN/ITIN, filing status, exact refund amount.
- If delayed: Check for errors, identity verification letter (CP5071), or offset (e.g., debts).
- Create an IRS online account for transcripts, payments.
Final Warnings:
- File accurately — penalties for errors or fraud are severe.
- Only use irs.gov or approved partners. Avoid scams.
- For help: IRS phone (800-829-1040; international +1-267-941-1000) or local assistance.
This process ensures you get every legitimate dollar back. If your situation is complex (e.g., expat with foreign income), strongly consider a professional specializing in U.S. expat taxes. Check irs.gov for the latest 2025 forms and instructions once available.