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1. First of all, let's see what the topic, which is called plastic, consists of, what we need for this and how we can get these or those components for full-fledged work.
If you are already well versed in the credit card system and understand what it is in general, go to part 1.2 - the following will not be of interest to you.
1.1. So, I think it's no secret that a credit card is a plastic card with a magnesium strip, sometimes also with a smart chip, and, unfortunately, more and more often with a chip. 3 tracks are recorded on the magnetic stripe - the first 2 are used for the operation of the card directly, the third carries the service information of a particular imitating bank. The first track duplicates the basic data of the second (pvn, card number, experience), and also carries the name of the card holder.
The second track, which is (mostly) read by POS terminals and ATMs, carries the card number, experience, service information about the card + pvn block, which is responsible for the reliability of the transaction. Often, the pvn block is derived from a pin code and bank keys, and is generated using the DES or 3DES algorithm. But sometimes it can be different. But more on that later - here we look at the basics.
So, let's look at a real example that carries the card:
Track1: B4257160000hhhhh13 ^ Schwartzkopf / Uri 05011010000048087000000
Track2: 425716000hhhhh13 = 050110115948087
(tracks providing exceptional educational purposes)
What brings this series of numbers, and that this can be obtained? Let's figure it out.
As we can see, the first track contains 16 digits of the card number, the owner's name, information about the expiration date of the card (expiry) + slightly rebuilt information of the second track - the same pvn.
Let's take a closer look at the card number directly - the card number is a random sequence generated in a certain way, so it is very easy to check the so-called check amount - is it really a credit card number or something else. In addition, these 16 digits contain information about the type of card and the issuing bank. The first 6 digits are responsible for this.
The first digit (from left to right is the type of card, i.e. 4-Visa, 5-MC, 3-Amex, etc.) is the class of the card. The next 4 are the unique identifier of the issuing bank + the identifier of the card type (i.e. for visas - classic, gold, platinum, etc.). In general, the first 6 digits of a credit card number are referred to as the BIN. From the above track, you can see that its issuing bank is BMW Bank GMBH (425716), the class of the card is visa and the type is a corporate credit card (there are also debit cards - the explanation of the difference is beyond the scope of this article), the card is valid until 01/05 (numbers after the "=" in the track, just the opposite), the owner's name is Uri Scwartzkopf (for track 1).
When ATMs, POS terminals work - most often track1 is not used, so if you only have track2 nothing terrible happened - you can write any name. In addition, on the second track, you can find out some additional insignificant information - for example, if you do not go into technical details - if the numbers after the block expiration <> 101 - then the card has certain regional restrictions on use and will be processed only by specific organizations in specific places.
Types of Visa credit cards:
Visa Electron
Visa Electron is the most popular card in Russia and in the CEMEA region as a whole. At the end of March 2002, CEMEA had 27 million Visa Electron cards, accounting for 77.3% of all Visa cards in use by customers. Visa Electron is so convenient for cardholders that it is used several times more often than competing cards.
Visa Electron can be used in more than 9 million stores and other retail outlets equipped with electronic terminals and in more than 760,000 ATMs with the Visa logo installed around the world.
All trading operations are electronically authorized by the issuing bank, which confirms the availability of sufficient funds in the cardholder's account.
These security measures mean that Visa Electron cards can be issued to customers with limited or no banking history, as well as customers who have no experience in using cards. Visa Electron card programs often target specific market segments, such as students and young people, customers with limited income, and first-time customers purchasing a payment card.
Visa Electron cards are not attractive to fraudsters - the statistics of fraud cases on them is practically zero compared to any other magnetic stripe cards.
Visa Classic
The Visa Classic card is a universal payment instrument that is accepted all over the world at any points marked with the Visa logo, including ATMs, real and virtual stores, as well as stores offering goods and services by mail and telephone. This card is intended for those customers who already have experience with bank cards, and is also popular with middle-income consumers, as it guarantees convenience, choice and financial flexibility.
At the end of March 2002, more than 6.2 million Visa Classic cards were in circulation in the CEMEA region, an increase of 20% over the previous year.
Visa Gold
Most Russian banks can offer their clients such prestigious cards as Visa Gold and Visa Platinum.
The Visa Gold card is a variant of the Visa Classic card with advanced features. Gold is the predominant color on all Visa Gold cards. The Visa Gold card can be used to withdraw cash and make purchases at any merchant and service establishment with the Visa logo. Usually they are offered to regular customers of a bank with a formed banking history. With Visa Gold cards, the cardholder can receive discounts and advantageous offers under the international program of special offers Visa (Visa World's Best Offers).
Visa Platinum
The Visa Platinum card is a recent important addition to the Visa product range. The Visa Platinum card has a minimum set of mandatory characteristics and services that reflect the prestige and status of this product. Visa Platinum has several improvements over the Visa Gold card.
Visa Platinum can be of any color, however it is generally recommended to produce cards in silver or gray-silver color.
Visa Virtual
With the aim of increasing consumer confidence in e-commerce, as well as allowing people to share their costs in physical and virtual stores, Visa has introduced a virtual card, Visa Virtual, intended exclusively for use on the Internet. The virtual card was first launched in 1999 in Kuwait in the CEMEA region.
The Visa Virtual card has its own number and expiration date. Customers are issued a card that cannot be used in the real world due to the lack of the basic characteristics of a Visa card, such as a magnetic stripe, a payment system brand and a place for signature.
Virtual cards are a profitable addition to existing Visa cards and are already beginning to gain popularity in the CEMEA region - 34 member banks have already started distributing them or are planning to launch them. A number of Russian banks also issue Visa Virtual cards.
Visa Business
Visa Business cards are designed for various daily payments in small and medium-sized enterprises with up to 50 employees. Cards are commonly used to track travel expenses, hospitality, office equipment, stationery, software bills, and utility bills. Such a system allows small business owners to separate personal and business expenses, as well as control cash flow, since payments for transactions are made only at the end of a certain period. Banks are expected to provide more detailed transaction information when invoicing Visa Business cards, which helps businesses to efficiently group expenses and simplify tax and other reporting.
Visa Business Electron
The Visa Business Electron card is an add-on to the Visa range of products for corporate use. It is currently being launched in Hungary, Ukraine, Poland and South Africa. It combines the versatility and convenience of the Visa Business card with the high level of protection of the Visa Electron card. All transactions are authorized by the bank, which is ideal for newly created enterprises, organizations and entrepreneurs with a high banking risk status, as well as for markets where participants have no banking history. Visa Business Electron is also suitable for the staff of organizational and economic departments of large companies, for example, office managers, secretaries, drivers and other employees. Russian banks are expected to start issuing Visa Business Electron in the near future.
Visa Corporate
The Visa Corporate card is designed for transportation and entertainment expenses by employees of medium and large companies who often travel on business trips. The card can be used, for example, to pay for air tickets, hotel and restaurant bills, as well as for car rentals. With the help of the Visa Corporate card, the management of the companies has the opportunity to control the expenses of their employees. Visa Corporate also offers travel services and emergency support. Compared to the Visa Business / Visa Business Electron card, banks are subject to more significant requirements for the detailing and details of the reports provided to cardholders and the accounting department of the company itself.
Visa Purchasing
This card has been offered by banks since 1994 and is intended for accounting for office expenses. The card can be used by both medium and large companies and is issued, as a rule, to people who are responsible for business activities in these companies. Its use allows companies, both private and public sector, to do without the labor and paper-intensive process of processing small purchases of goods and services. The card is directly intended for the purchase of goods and payment for services in the amount of up to $ 5,000. For these cards, banks are required to comply with a special reporting form for invoicing. Thanks to this form, the company can significantly save on administrative costs associated with the purchase of goods, as well as receive information,
The Visa Purchasing card is either silvery blue or silvery blue with a contrasting dark blue. The company name is printed in black or embossed. All cards have all the necessary security features that are common to all Visa products.
Visa Distribution
The Visa Distribution card is intended for large enterprises whose activities are related to the delivery of their goods to small, medium and large retail outlets. The main users of the Visa Distribution card are sales managers, as well as drivers or distributors delivering goods.
The main advantages of the Visa Distribution card are a significant reduction in the risk associated with the transportation of large amounts of cash, as well as an increase in the efficiency of the financial activities of both the manufacturer and the distribution and trade network.
The Visa Distribution card is intended mainly for companies that manufacture and sell products belonging to the following categories:
• Alcohol
• Tobacco products
• Consumer goods
• Pharmaceutical and medical products
• Spare parts for cars
• Building materials
Let's go further. What is pvn? PVN are unique 3 digits that are responsible for the accuracy of the track. They are checked almost everywhere, although there are exceptions. They do not appear anywhere except for the card track and they can be read directly only from the magnetic stripe of the card. Often, pvn has a direct relationship with the card's cvv2 code and pin-code, although it happens otherwise.
1.2. Now let's look at what a card is in general - first of all - a card is a piece of plastic with a magnetic stripe applied to it and sometimes with a chip built into it. On the front side, the owner's name, card number, expiry and the owner's name are embossed (pushed through) (exception - electronic cards - are not embossed -). In addition, there is a hologram of the organization-issuer (visa - dove, mastercard - two combined globes); there are cards without holograms at all. If there are metal contacts closer to the left edge of the card, it means that the card is equipped with a smart chip. Recently, cards with a photo of the owner are quite common.
On the back of the card there is a strip for the owner's signature, on it you can see a series of numbers - the last 3 and there is a cvv2 code often used in authorizing Internet payments. Below you can see the magnetic stripe. Let's look at the types of protection on the card by card class in more detail:
For Visa cards:
On the front side there is
a “VISA” logo in the form of a three-color flag (blue, white, gold): “VISA” is written on the white stripe. The logo is located in the upper or lower right corner of the card;
along the contour of the "VISA" logo in the form of a continuous frame, the microprinting of the code and BIN (bank identification number) of the card issuer is applied;
hologram (volumetric image) in the form of a flying pigeon, pressed into plastic; when the map turns, the pigeon “flaps its wing” and “stretches its beak”;
VISA card number starting with “4” and consisting of 16 or 13 digits: “4XXX XXXX XXXX XXXX” or “4XXX XXX XXX XXX” while the last group of numbers must be in the hologram field;
the first four digits of the embossed (specially embossed) card number must match the four typographic BIN digits above or below the card number;
the card validity period can be embossed with the initial and final, for example, 10/96 - 10/98, or only the final, for example, 10/98; the card can be issued for a period of 1 month, 1 year, 2 years, and rarely for 3 years;
after the validity period, the symbols “CV”, “PV” or “BV” corresponding to the type of card (classic, premier, business) must be embossed on the card in a special font “flying italic”. From January 1, 1996, only the “V” symbol can be embossed, regardless of the type of card. Since January 1, 1997, the symbols C, P, B can be applied with printing ink.
an image of a flying dove (red or violet-blue) in the center of the map, visible in ultraviolet light;
the personal data of the cardholder (name, surname) are applied by embossing;
on the reverse side, the
magnetic strip is soldered into the plastic, not glued;
the signature panel must have a clear (not overwritten, not smeared) signature of the cardholder;
on the signature panel, oblique text of repeating words “VISA”, written in blue; since 1996, the inscription should be applied in blue and gold colors;
since 1996, the card number and three digits of the security code can be printed on the signature panel; since January 1998, the card number and three digits of the security code are mandatory, located either on the signature panel or on a special strip below the signature panel.
For Eurocard / MasterCard:
on the front side
? the “MasterCard” logo, which is two intersecting circles of red and yellow colors with the word “MasterCard” on their background;
? the “MasterCard” hologram is a three-dimensional image of the continents against the background of a repeating multicolored text “MasterCard” visible to the naked eye and the meridian grid is absent, the hemispheres are outlined by a luminous strip consisting of a repeating MC abbreviation;
? “Eurocard” logo (may be absent), representing the inscription “EUROCARD”;
? embossed card number, starting with the digit “5” and consisting of 16 digits: “5XXX XXXX XXXX XXXX”;
? before the validity period of the card since 1996, the BIN of the bank is indicated in typographic way (by analogy with VISA) - from 01.01.99 all cards will have to comply with this standard;
? after the validity period of the card, the protective symbol “MC” must be embossed in “flying italics”;
? the card validity period can be embossed with the initial and final, for example, 10/96 - 10/98, or only the final, for example, 10/98; the card can be issued for a period of 1 month, 1 year, 2 years, and rarely for 3 years;
? under ultraviolet light on the front of the card, they are visible in the lower left corner “M” and in the lower right corner in front of the “C” logo (large print), invisible in normal light.
? the personal data of the cardholder (name, surname) are applied by embossing;
on the flip side
? there must be an inscription “ICA” and a 4-digit number;
? the magnetic stripe is “soldered” into the plastic and contains the account number, the holder's name and the “card control number”, electronically recorded, which can only be read by POS-terminals or other special devices.
? the signature panel must have a clear (not overwritten, not smeared) signature of the cardholder;
? the signature panel has a red-yellow-blue inscription EuroCard or MasterCard at an angle of 45 °. Since 1996, the printed card number and three-digit security code (CVC) may be duplicated, on the face of the card there are melted lines in this place, repeating the card number and CVC. From 01.01.97 this should be required. On April 1, 2000, banks began to issue cards, on the back of which, instead of the card number, only the last four digits of the card number are placed on the panel for typographic signature instead of the card number.
For VISA Electron cards:
on the front side
For old design cards (issued before 1.09.9:
? “ELECTRON” logo in the form of a blue field with an inscription in white letters “Electron” and two thinning stripes of yellow and red colors, respectively, above and below the inscription “Electron”. The logo is located in the lower right corner of the map;
? along the contour of the “ELECTRON” logo in the form of a continuous frame, microprinting of the inscription “Electron” is applied;
? a hologram in the form of a flying dove;
? “VISA” logo in the form of a three-color flag (blue, white, gold): “VISA” is written on the white stripe. The logo is located in the upper right corner of the map;
? along the contour of the "VISA" logo in the form of a continuous frame, the microprinting of the code and BIN (bank identification number) of the card issuer is applied;
For new design cards:
? “VISA Electron” logo in the form of a blue field with an inscription in white letters “VISA Electron” and a yellow “stroke” between “VISA” and “Electron”. The logo is located in the lower right corner of the map;
? along the contour of the “VISA Electron” logo in the form of a continuous frame, microprinting of the inscription “Electron” is applied;
? the hologram may or may not be present;
For all types of cards (new and old designs)
:? personal data of the cardholder (name, surname), card number and its validity period are printed or printed, but, as a rule, they are not embossed. However, some banks may emboss the personal data of the cardholder (name, surname), card number and expiration date;
? the first four digits of the card number must match the four typographic BIN digits above the card number; from 01.01.97 should be applied under the first group of numbers;
? VISA Electron card number, starting with “4” and consisting of 16 digits: “4XXX XXXX XXXX XXXX” in this case, the last group of numbers must be in the hologram field; since 1997 the use of 8-digit card numbers has been allowed, the last four of which are printed in the hologram field;
? text “ELECTRONIC USE ONLY” \ “Electronic use only”
on the back
? the magnetic strip is soldered into the plastic, not glued;
? the signature panel must have a clear (not overwritten, not smeared) signature of the cardholder;
? on the signature panel oblique text of repeating words “ELECTRON”, written in blue, red and gold;
For Cirrus / Maestro cards
on the front
? the “Maestro” logo in the upper right or lower right corner of the card, representing two intersecting circles of blue and red with the inscription “Maestro” in white on their background. Instead of the “Maestro” logo on some cards issued by European banks, can there be only the “edc” logo, which is also located in the upper right or lower right corner
? the number of digits in the number 16, 18, 19;
? card number starts with 50, 56-58 or 60-69 embossed or printed on the card;
? card validity period is always the last month / year (00/00), it can be issued max for 3 years;
? the name of the issuing bank (the bank that issued the card) and / or its logo located at the top of the card;
? the cardholder's name and surname are embossed or printed under the card expiration date.
on the flip side
? magnetic stripe - at the top of the card;
? signature strip. The signature on the card must be clearly written in ballpoint pen. The strip should not contain traces of signature changes;
? in addition, the reverse side of the card may contain the logos of the Edc, EC, Cirrus systems;
system logos ::
? “Cirrus”, which is two intersecting circles of blue and light blue with the word “Cirrus” on their background;
? “Edc”, which is the inscription “edc” placed on a white background, respectively, letters “e” - blue, “d” - black and “c” - red and a stylized curved ribbon in blue, white and red;
? “EC”, which is two intersecting letters “E” and “C” in blue and red, respectively, and a stylized image of a person with a card and an ATM.
VISA ELECTRON AND CIRRUS / MAESTRO cards can be accepted for payment only if there is an electronic terminal (cash register, with the ability to accept cards) at the place of sale of goods (works, services) of the Enterprise. Servicing the above cards using an imprinter is prohibited.
For DINERS CLUB cards:
On the front side:
? the Diners Club logo is located in the upper left corner, on the right side of it there is an inscription Diners Club International (for international cards) or Diners Club (for local cards) with an R in a circle;
? a silver-colored map with gray wavy lines and outlines of an expanded map of the world (since 1997) (an exception is the joint Diners Club –SABENA map, where a dove is depicted instead of the world map - the SABENA logo);
? on local cards in the center of the card there is an inscription “Valid only in…” and the name of the country where this card can be accepted for payment;
? card number always starts with 36, 38, 30 or 39 and consists of 14 digits grouped 4-6-4;
? embossed DC symbol in a circle in the lower right corner;
? security code 2 letters written in ink and located above the embossed DC symbol in a circle;
? the validity period of the card is always initial and final, the card is issued for 1 month, 6 months, 1 year and 2 years;
? before the validity period of the card there must be 2 digits - the year the holder entered the club, the abbreviation “DC” and two Latin letters of the country code in which the card was issued;
? on collaborative maps, the background of the map itself remains the same, and the name or symbol of the companion firm will appear on the right side.
On the flip side
:? on the signature panel in the lower part to the right, the credit card number and 3 digits of the security code are laser-engraved;
? must be “Valid Worldwide” (for international cards) or “Valid only in…” (for local cards);
? in the lower left corner of the card there is a hologram, the embossed DC logo and the card's expiration date must affect the hologram field;
? on the hologram panel there is a DC symbol and a world map, and against the background of the iridescent colors of the world map, the inscription “Diners Club International” appears. This inscription should not be omitted from the background of the card.
For JCB cards:
On the obverse
:? volumetric hologram of the “JCB” logo in a three-dimensional color image in the lower right corner (“the sun illuminating the globe, moon and stars on a dark background and the luminous inscription“ JCB ”);
? card number always starts with 35 digits and consists of 16 digits grouped 4-4-4-4;
? the card always expires;
? after the validity period, the five-pointed star and the abbreviation JCB must be embossed;
? additional elements do not appear under ultraviolet light;
? the first four digits embossed on the card coincide with the four digits of the laser-printed card above them;
? strictly in the upper right corner there should be an inscription “JCB International”.
For AMERICAN EXPRESS cards:
On the front side
:? the card number always starts with 37 or 34 and has 15 digits with the grouping 4-6-5;
? the card expiration date is always initial and final. Term 2-3 years;
? after the validity period - the year of joining Amex and the letters A.Kh. or OS;
? on corporate and personal cards, a four-digit digital code (batch code) is on the right above the number, on Optima cards on the left;
? on cards of all kinds, a Roman warrior is depicted, on personal cards he is located in the center of the map, on corporate cards in the upper left corner. On Optima maps, the warrior image spans the entire right side;
? local Amex cards, which are not subject to acceptance in a given region, are not externally highlighted, but are in the stop list;
? under ultraviolet light: AM - the image of a Roman soldier - EX.
On the flip side
:? laser number (under the signature panel);
? Amex logo, Made in USA inscription
If you are already well versed in the credit card system and understand what it is in general, go to part 1.2 - the following will not be of interest to you.
1.1. So, I think it's no secret that a credit card is a plastic card with a magnesium strip, sometimes also with a smart chip, and, unfortunately, more and more often with a chip. 3 tracks are recorded on the magnetic stripe - the first 2 are used for the operation of the card directly, the third carries the service information of a particular imitating bank. The first track duplicates the basic data of the second (pvn, card number, experience), and also carries the name of the card holder.
The second track, which is (mostly) read by POS terminals and ATMs, carries the card number, experience, service information about the card + pvn block, which is responsible for the reliability of the transaction. Often, the pvn block is derived from a pin code and bank keys, and is generated using the DES or 3DES algorithm. But sometimes it can be different. But more on that later - here we look at the basics.
So, let's look at a real example that carries the card:
Track1: B4257160000hhhhh13 ^ Schwartzkopf / Uri 05011010000048087000000
Track2: 425716000hhhhh13 = 050110115948087
(tracks providing exceptional educational purposes)
What brings this series of numbers, and that this can be obtained? Let's figure it out.
As we can see, the first track contains 16 digits of the card number, the owner's name, information about the expiration date of the card (expiry) + slightly rebuilt information of the second track - the same pvn.
Let's take a closer look at the card number directly - the card number is a random sequence generated in a certain way, so it is very easy to check the so-called check amount - is it really a credit card number or something else. In addition, these 16 digits contain information about the type of card and the issuing bank. The first 6 digits are responsible for this.
The first digit (from left to right is the type of card, i.e. 4-Visa, 5-MC, 3-Amex, etc.) is the class of the card. The next 4 are the unique identifier of the issuing bank + the identifier of the card type (i.e. for visas - classic, gold, platinum, etc.). In general, the first 6 digits of a credit card number are referred to as the BIN. From the above track, you can see that its issuing bank is BMW Bank GMBH (425716), the class of the card is visa and the type is a corporate credit card (there are also debit cards - the explanation of the difference is beyond the scope of this article), the card is valid until 01/05 (numbers after the "=" in the track, just the opposite), the owner's name is Uri Scwartzkopf (for track 1).
When ATMs, POS terminals work - most often track1 is not used, so if you only have track2 nothing terrible happened - you can write any name. In addition, on the second track, you can find out some additional insignificant information - for example, if you do not go into technical details - if the numbers after the block expiration <> 101 - then the card has certain regional restrictions on use and will be processed only by specific organizations in specific places.
Types of Visa credit cards:
Visa Electron
Visa Electron is the most popular card in Russia and in the CEMEA region as a whole. At the end of March 2002, CEMEA had 27 million Visa Electron cards, accounting for 77.3% of all Visa cards in use by customers. Visa Electron is so convenient for cardholders that it is used several times more often than competing cards.
Visa Electron can be used in more than 9 million stores and other retail outlets equipped with electronic terminals and in more than 760,000 ATMs with the Visa logo installed around the world.
All trading operations are electronically authorized by the issuing bank, which confirms the availability of sufficient funds in the cardholder's account.
These security measures mean that Visa Electron cards can be issued to customers with limited or no banking history, as well as customers who have no experience in using cards. Visa Electron card programs often target specific market segments, such as students and young people, customers with limited income, and first-time customers purchasing a payment card.
Visa Electron cards are not attractive to fraudsters - the statistics of fraud cases on them is practically zero compared to any other magnetic stripe cards.
Visa Classic
The Visa Classic card is a universal payment instrument that is accepted all over the world at any points marked with the Visa logo, including ATMs, real and virtual stores, as well as stores offering goods and services by mail and telephone. This card is intended for those customers who already have experience with bank cards, and is also popular with middle-income consumers, as it guarantees convenience, choice and financial flexibility.
At the end of March 2002, more than 6.2 million Visa Classic cards were in circulation in the CEMEA region, an increase of 20% over the previous year.
Visa Gold
Most Russian banks can offer their clients such prestigious cards as Visa Gold and Visa Platinum.
The Visa Gold card is a variant of the Visa Classic card with advanced features. Gold is the predominant color on all Visa Gold cards. The Visa Gold card can be used to withdraw cash and make purchases at any merchant and service establishment with the Visa logo. Usually they are offered to regular customers of a bank with a formed banking history. With Visa Gold cards, the cardholder can receive discounts and advantageous offers under the international program of special offers Visa (Visa World's Best Offers).
Visa Platinum
The Visa Platinum card is a recent important addition to the Visa product range. The Visa Platinum card has a minimum set of mandatory characteristics and services that reflect the prestige and status of this product. Visa Platinum has several improvements over the Visa Gold card.
Visa Platinum can be of any color, however it is generally recommended to produce cards in silver or gray-silver color.
Visa Virtual
With the aim of increasing consumer confidence in e-commerce, as well as allowing people to share their costs in physical and virtual stores, Visa has introduced a virtual card, Visa Virtual, intended exclusively for use on the Internet. The virtual card was first launched in 1999 in Kuwait in the CEMEA region.
The Visa Virtual card has its own number and expiration date. Customers are issued a card that cannot be used in the real world due to the lack of the basic characteristics of a Visa card, such as a magnetic stripe, a payment system brand and a place for signature.
Virtual cards are a profitable addition to existing Visa cards and are already beginning to gain popularity in the CEMEA region - 34 member banks have already started distributing them or are planning to launch them. A number of Russian banks also issue Visa Virtual cards.
Visa Business
Visa Business cards are designed for various daily payments in small and medium-sized enterprises with up to 50 employees. Cards are commonly used to track travel expenses, hospitality, office equipment, stationery, software bills, and utility bills. Such a system allows small business owners to separate personal and business expenses, as well as control cash flow, since payments for transactions are made only at the end of a certain period. Banks are expected to provide more detailed transaction information when invoicing Visa Business cards, which helps businesses to efficiently group expenses and simplify tax and other reporting.
Visa Business Electron
The Visa Business Electron card is an add-on to the Visa range of products for corporate use. It is currently being launched in Hungary, Ukraine, Poland and South Africa. It combines the versatility and convenience of the Visa Business card with the high level of protection of the Visa Electron card. All transactions are authorized by the bank, which is ideal for newly created enterprises, organizations and entrepreneurs with a high banking risk status, as well as for markets where participants have no banking history. Visa Business Electron is also suitable for the staff of organizational and economic departments of large companies, for example, office managers, secretaries, drivers and other employees. Russian banks are expected to start issuing Visa Business Electron in the near future.
Visa Corporate
The Visa Corporate card is designed for transportation and entertainment expenses by employees of medium and large companies who often travel on business trips. The card can be used, for example, to pay for air tickets, hotel and restaurant bills, as well as for car rentals. With the help of the Visa Corporate card, the management of the companies has the opportunity to control the expenses of their employees. Visa Corporate also offers travel services and emergency support. Compared to the Visa Business / Visa Business Electron card, banks are subject to more significant requirements for the detailing and details of the reports provided to cardholders and the accounting department of the company itself.
Visa Purchasing
This card has been offered by banks since 1994 and is intended for accounting for office expenses. The card can be used by both medium and large companies and is issued, as a rule, to people who are responsible for business activities in these companies. Its use allows companies, both private and public sector, to do without the labor and paper-intensive process of processing small purchases of goods and services. The card is directly intended for the purchase of goods and payment for services in the amount of up to $ 5,000. For these cards, banks are required to comply with a special reporting form for invoicing. Thanks to this form, the company can significantly save on administrative costs associated with the purchase of goods, as well as receive information,
The Visa Purchasing card is either silvery blue or silvery blue with a contrasting dark blue. The company name is printed in black or embossed. All cards have all the necessary security features that are common to all Visa products.
Visa Distribution
The Visa Distribution card is intended for large enterprises whose activities are related to the delivery of their goods to small, medium and large retail outlets. The main users of the Visa Distribution card are sales managers, as well as drivers or distributors delivering goods.
The main advantages of the Visa Distribution card are a significant reduction in the risk associated with the transportation of large amounts of cash, as well as an increase in the efficiency of the financial activities of both the manufacturer and the distribution and trade network.
The Visa Distribution card is intended mainly for companies that manufacture and sell products belonging to the following categories:
• Alcohol
• Tobacco products
• Consumer goods
• Pharmaceutical and medical products
• Spare parts for cars
• Building materials
Let's go further. What is pvn? PVN are unique 3 digits that are responsible for the accuracy of the track. They are checked almost everywhere, although there are exceptions. They do not appear anywhere except for the card track and they can be read directly only from the magnetic stripe of the card. Often, pvn has a direct relationship with the card's cvv2 code and pin-code, although it happens otherwise.
1.2. Now let's look at what a card is in general - first of all - a card is a piece of plastic with a magnetic stripe applied to it and sometimes with a chip built into it. On the front side, the owner's name, card number, expiry and the owner's name are embossed (pushed through) (exception - electronic cards - are not embossed -). In addition, there is a hologram of the organization-issuer (visa - dove, mastercard - two combined globes); there are cards without holograms at all. If there are metal contacts closer to the left edge of the card, it means that the card is equipped with a smart chip. Recently, cards with a photo of the owner are quite common.
On the back of the card there is a strip for the owner's signature, on it you can see a series of numbers - the last 3 and there is a cvv2 code often used in authorizing Internet payments. Below you can see the magnetic stripe. Let's look at the types of protection on the card by card class in more detail:
For Visa cards:
On the front side there is
a “VISA” logo in the form of a three-color flag (blue, white, gold): “VISA” is written on the white stripe. The logo is located in the upper or lower right corner of the card;
along the contour of the "VISA" logo in the form of a continuous frame, the microprinting of the code and BIN (bank identification number) of the card issuer is applied;
hologram (volumetric image) in the form of a flying pigeon, pressed into plastic; when the map turns, the pigeon “flaps its wing” and “stretches its beak”;
VISA card number starting with “4” and consisting of 16 or 13 digits: “4XXX XXXX XXXX XXXX” or “4XXX XXX XXX XXX” while the last group of numbers must be in the hologram field;
the first four digits of the embossed (specially embossed) card number must match the four typographic BIN digits above or below the card number;
the card validity period can be embossed with the initial and final, for example, 10/96 - 10/98, or only the final, for example, 10/98; the card can be issued for a period of 1 month, 1 year, 2 years, and rarely for 3 years;
after the validity period, the symbols “CV”, “PV” or “BV” corresponding to the type of card (classic, premier, business) must be embossed on the card in a special font “flying italic”. From January 1, 1996, only the “V” symbol can be embossed, regardless of the type of card. Since January 1, 1997, the symbols C, P, B can be applied with printing ink.
an image of a flying dove (red or violet-blue) in the center of the map, visible in ultraviolet light;
the personal data of the cardholder (name, surname) are applied by embossing;
on the reverse side, the
magnetic strip is soldered into the plastic, not glued;
the signature panel must have a clear (not overwritten, not smeared) signature of the cardholder;
on the signature panel, oblique text of repeating words “VISA”, written in blue; since 1996, the inscription should be applied in blue and gold colors;
since 1996, the card number and three digits of the security code can be printed on the signature panel; since January 1998, the card number and three digits of the security code are mandatory, located either on the signature panel or on a special strip below the signature panel.
For Eurocard / MasterCard:
on the front side
? the “MasterCard” logo, which is two intersecting circles of red and yellow colors with the word “MasterCard” on their background;
? the “MasterCard” hologram is a three-dimensional image of the continents against the background of a repeating multicolored text “MasterCard” visible to the naked eye and the meridian grid is absent, the hemispheres are outlined by a luminous strip consisting of a repeating MC abbreviation;
? “Eurocard” logo (may be absent), representing the inscription “EUROCARD”;
? embossed card number, starting with the digit “5” and consisting of 16 digits: “5XXX XXXX XXXX XXXX”;
? before the validity period of the card since 1996, the BIN of the bank is indicated in typographic way (by analogy with VISA) - from 01.01.99 all cards will have to comply with this standard;
? after the validity period of the card, the protective symbol “MC” must be embossed in “flying italics”;
? the card validity period can be embossed with the initial and final, for example, 10/96 - 10/98, or only the final, for example, 10/98; the card can be issued for a period of 1 month, 1 year, 2 years, and rarely for 3 years;
? under ultraviolet light on the front of the card, they are visible in the lower left corner “M” and in the lower right corner in front of the “C” logo (large print), invisible in normal light.
? the personal data of the cardholder (name, surname) are applied by embossing;
on the flip side
? there must be an inscription “ICA” and a 4-digit number;
? the magnetic stripe is “soldered” into the plastic and contains the account number, the holder's name and the “card control number”, electronically recorded, which can only be read by POS-terminals or other special devices.
? the signature panel must have a clear (not overwritten, not smeared) signature of the cardholder;
? the signature panel has a red-yellow-blue inscription EuroCard or MasterCard at an angle of 45 °. Since 1996, the printed card number and three-digit security code (CVC) may be duplicated, on the face of the card there are melted lines in this place, repeating the card number and CVC. From 01.01.97 this should be required. On April 1, 2000, banks began to issue cards, on the back of which, instead of the card number, only the last four digits of the card number are placed on the panel for typographic signature instead of the card number.
For VISA Electron cards:
on the front side
For old design cards (issued before 1.09.9:
? “ELECTRON” logo in the form of a blue field with an inscription in white letters “Electron” and two thinning stripes of yellow and red colors, respectively, above and below the inscription “Electron”. The logo is located in the lower right corner of the map;
? along the contour of the “ELECTRON” logo in the form of a continuous frame, microprinting of the inscription “Electron” is applied;
? a hologram in the form of a flying dove;
? “VISA” logo in the form of a three-color flag (blue, white, gold): “VISA” is written on the white stripe. The logo is located in the upper right corner of the map;
? along the contour of the "VISA" logo in the form of a continuous frame, the microprinting of the code and BIN (bank identification number) of the card issuer is applied;
For new design cards:
? “VISA Electron” logo in the form of a blue field with an inscription in white letters “VISA Electron” and a yellow “stroke” between “VISA” and “Electron”. The logo is located in the lower right corner of the map;
? along the contour of the “VISA Electron” logo in the form of a continuous frame, microprinting of the inscription “Electron” is applied;
? the hologram may or may not be present;
For all types of cards (new and old designs)
:? personal data of the cardholder (name, surname), card number and its validity period are printed or printed, but, as a rule, they are not embossed. However, some banks may emboss the personal data of the cardholder (name, surname), card number and expiration date;
? the first four digits of the card number must match the four typographic BIN digits above the card number; from 01.01.97 should be applied under the first group of numbers;
? VISA Electron card number, starting with “4” and consisting of 16 digits: “4XXX XXXX XXXX XXXX” in this case, the last group of numbers must be in the hologram field; since 1997 the use of 8-digit card numbers has been allowed, the last four of which are printed in the hologram field;
? text “ELECTRONIC USE ONLY” \ “Electronic use only”
on the back
? the magnetic strip is soldered into the plastic, not glued;
? the signature panel must have a clear (not overwritten, not smeared) signature of the cardholder;
? on the signature panel oblique text of repeating words “ELECTRON”, written in blue, red and gold;
For Cirrus / Maestro cards
on the front
? the “Maestro” logo in the upper right or lower right corner of the card, representing two intersecting circles of blue and red with the inscription “Maestro” in white on their background. Instead of the “Maestro” logo on some cards issued by European banks, can there be only the “edc” logo, which is also located in the upper right or lower right corner
? the number of digits in the number 16, 18, 19;
? card number starts with 50, 56-58 or 60-69 embossed or printed on the card;
? card validity period is always the last month / year (00/00), it can be issued max for 3 years;
? the name of the issuing bank (the bank that issued the card) and / or its logo located at the top of the card;
? the cardholder's name and surname are embossed or printed under the card expiration date.
on the flip side
? magnetic stripe - at the top of the card;
? signature strip. The signature on the card must be clearly written in ballpoint pen. The strip should not contain traces of signature changes;
? in addition, the reverse side of the card may contain the logos of the Edc, EC, Cirrus systems;
system logos ::
? “Cirrus”, which is two intersecting circles of blue and light blue with the word “Cirrus” on their background;
? “Edc”, which is the inscription “edc” placed on a white background, respectively, letters “e” - blue, “d” - black and “c” - red and a stylized curved ribbon in blue, white and red;
? “EC”, which is two intersecting letters “E” and “C” in blue and red, respectively, and a stylized image of a person with a card and an ATM.
VISA ELECTRON AND CIRRUS / MAESTRO cards can be accepted for payment only if there is an electronic terminal (cash register, with the ability to accept cards) at the place of sale of goods (works, services) of the Enterprise. Servicing the above cards using an imprinter is prohibited.
For DINERS CLUB cards:
On the front side:
? the Diners Club logo is located in the upper left corner, on the right side of it there is an inscription Diners Club International (for international cards) or Diners Club (for local cards) with an R in a circle;
? a silver-colored map with gray wavy lines and outlines of an expanded map of the world (since 1997) (an exception is the joint Diners Club –SABENA map, where a dove is depicted instead of the world map - the SABENA logo);
? on local cards in the center of the card there is an inscription “Valid only in…” and the name of the country where this card can be accepted for payment;
? card number always starts with 36, 38, 30 or 39 and consists of 14 digits grouped 4-6-4;
? embossed DC symbol in a circle in the lower right corner;
? security code 2 letters written in ink and located above the embossed DC symbol in a circle;
? the validity period of the card is always initial and final, the card is issued for 1 month, 6 months, 1 year and 2 years;
? before the validity period of the card there must be 2 digits - the year the holder entered the club, the abbreviation “DC” and two Latin letters of the country code in which the card was issued;
? on collaborative maps, the background of the map itself remains the same, and the name or symbol of the companion firm will appear on the right side.
On the flip side
:? on the signature panel in the lower part to the right, the credit card number and 3 digits of the security code are laser-engraved;
? must be “Valid Worldwide” (for international cards) or “Valid only in…” (for local cards);
? in the lower left corner of the card there is a hologram, the embossed DC logo and the card's expiration date must affect the hologram field;
? on the hologram panel there is a DC symbol and a world map, and against the background of the iridescent colors of the world map, the inscription “Diners Club International” appears. This inscription should not be omitted from the background of the card.
For JCB cards:
On the obverse
:? volumetric hologram of the “JCB” logo in a three-dimensional color image in the lower right corner (“the sun illuminating the globe, moon and stars on a dark background and the luminous inscription“ JCB ”);
? card number always starts with 35 digits and consists of 16 digits grouped 4-4-4-4;
? the card always expires;
? after the validity period, the five-pointed star and the abbreviation JCB must be embossed;
? additional elements do not appear under ultraviolet light;
? the first four digits embossed on the card coincide with the four digits of the laser-printed card above them;
? strictly in the upper right corner there should be an inscription “JCB International”.
For AMERICAN EXPRESS cards:
On the front side
:? the card number always starts with 37 or 34 and has 15 digits with the grouping 4-6-5;
? the card expiration date is always initial and final. Term 2-3 years;
? after the validity period - the year of joining Amex and the letters A.Kh. or OS;
? on corporate and personal cards, a four-digit digital code (batch code) is on the right above the number, on Optima cards on the left;
? on cards of all kinds, a Roman warrior is depicted, on personal cards he is located in the center of the map, on corporate cards in the upper left corner. On Optima maps, the warrior image spans the entire right side;
? local Amex cards, which are not subject to acceptance in a given region, are not externally highlighted, but are in the stop list;
? under ultraviolet light: AM - the image of a Roman soldier - EX.
On the flip side
:? laser number (under the signature panel);
? Amex logo, Made in USA inscription
