Content:
§ 1. The concept of the mechanism of carder behavior
§ 2. Motivation for carder behavior
§ 3. Planning a carding
§ 1. The concept of the mechanism of carder behavior
For science, the important question is not only “why” a carding is committed, i.e. the causal aspect, but also “how”, which means the instrumental aspect. To analyze this problem, the concept of “mechanism of carder behavior” has been developed. Human carder behavior is a process that unfolds both in space and time, and which includes not only the actions themselves that change the external environment, but also the psychological phenomena and processes that precede them that determine the genesis of unlawful behavior. The mechanism of carder behavior is understood as the connection and interaction of external factors of objective reality and internal, mental processes and states that determine the decision to commit a carding, directing and controlling the execution of this decision.
As is known, carding, according to their subjective properties, are divided into intentional and careless. In turn, among intentional carding, those committed in a state of passion stand out. The mechanism of carder behavior in all cases has its own specifics. It is most fully and comprehensively presented in the so-called premeditated carding, i.e. those the commission of which was consciously planned by the subject even before the onset of the situation in which the carder plan was carried out.
The mechanism of a premeditated carding in its most complete form includes three main links:
1) motivation for the carding;
2) planning carder actions;
3) execution of a carding and the onset of socially dangerous consequences.
The first link includes the needs of the individual, his interests, and value orientations, which give rise to motives for behavior. Motive is an internal urge to action. It has a need as its driving force. The need itself is neutral. Everyone wants to eat and live. But one is capable of killing his neighbor for a piece of bread, and the other - like the Decembrist Yakubovich - goes before death, in a fever, to the winter river, make an ice hole and fish in order to repay the debt to the mistress and end earthly calculations.
In the second link of the mechanism of carder behavior, motivation is concretized into a plan for committing a carding. The subject determines the immediate goals and objects of his actions, as well as the means, place and time of committing the carding, and makes appropriate decisions. At this stage, the influence of external factors is even more noticeable. It is so strong that it can change intentions and force one to abandon the carding.
The third link is the direct commission of the carding. It covers both the carder actions (inaction) of a person and the occurrence of a carder result. Here, carder behavior coincides with carding as an external fact of a socially dangerous and illegal action.
The mechanism of carder behavior contains in form the same psychological elements - processes and states - as the mechanism of lawful action, but filled with different social and ideological content. It, as in the performance of socially useful actions, reflects the external environment in which a person acts, but this reflection, as a rule, is defective. The mechanism of carding, functioning in an expanded or collapsed (compressed) form, realizes the will and consciousness of the subject, however, the emotions, will, and consciousness of the carder are aimed at achieving antisocial goals, and their content is contrary to social interests. Analysis of the content and features of the functioning of the mechanism of individual carder behavior is of interest from both theoretical and practical points of view. Scientifically, it is important because it reveals the personality traits of the carder and those aspects of the social environment that form the causes and conditions conducive to the commission of carding. In practical terms, because it helps to identify measures that can prevent a carding and change the direction of the offender’s personality.
§ 2. Motivation for carder behavior
The first link in the mechanism of carder behavior covers the formation of motives for carding. Motive is understood as an internal urge to do a particular action. It is seen as the direct cause of the carding. The study of motive answers the question of why a person acts in one way or another.
The motive for a carding is that internal urge that arouses in a person the determination to commit a carding and guides him in carrying it out. Incentives are a form of a person’s attitude towards the environment as a source of their satisfaction. Being an incentive, a motive is always directed towards one or another object (person, object), which acts as a means of satisfying it.
The main role in the formation of carder behavior is played by the needs of the subject. A person’s needs reflect his dependence on the outside world, his need for something.
The needs of modern man are very diverse. Classifying them, we can distinguish three main groups: 1) socialized organic (physiological) needs - for self-preservation, reproduction, etc.; 2) material needs; 3) social needs - to gain social status, recognition, self-affirmation, creativity, meaning in life, etc.
The need cannot remain unsatisfied for any long time, since it either fades away, or the person becomes fixed on it, “stuck.” The blocked need asserts itself persistently and persistently, and takes on an obsessive character. If the natural or legal satisfaction of this need becomes impossible for some reason, its satisfaction may take imaginary (ugly, perverted) or antisocial forms.
Individual actions, and even more so the behavior of a person as a whole, including carder behavior, are mainly guided not by one, but by several motives that are in complex hierarchical relationships with each other. Among them there are leaders who stimulate behavior and give it personal meaning. Thus, in most cases, the basis of theft is not only selfish motives, but also motives for self-affirmation of the individual in the eyes of a prestigious (reference) group.
In addition, as research has established, it is the leading motives that are unconscious in nature. For this reason, carders in many cases cannot clearly explain why they committed a given carding.
Summarizing the results of studies of the latter individuals, we can identify the following motives for antisocial behavior: motives of self-affirmation (status), protective, replacement, game motives, motives of self-justification, which can be of both a conscious and unconscious nature.
Motives for self-affirmation . The need for self-affirmation is the most important need that stimulates the widest range of human behavior. It manifests itself in a person’s desire to assert himself at the social, socio-psychological and individual levels.
Affirmation of personality at the social level means the desire to gain social status, i.e., achieving a certain social role position associated with recognition of the individual in the field of professional or social activity. Affirmation at the socio-psychological level is associated with the desire to gain personal status, that is, to achieve recognition from a personally significant immediate environment at the group level - family, reference group (friends, acquaintances, peers, work colleagues, etc.). But this can also be a group with which a person does not have contact, but which he strives to join and become a member of. In such cases, carding acts as a way to penetrate such a group and achieve recognition. This is most typical for teenagers and young adults.
Personality affirmation at the individual level (self-affirmation) is associated with the desire to achieve high grades and self-esteem, increase self-esteem and the level of self-esteem. This is achieved by performing actions that, in a person’s opinion, help overcome any psychological flaws or weaknesses and at the same time demonstrate the strengths of the individual.
Most often, such self-affirmation occurs unconsciously. It is typical, for example, for plunderers of the so-called prestigious type, who strive to achieve a certain social status or maintain it by any means, including carderity. Failure to achieve it, and even more so its loss, means a life catastrophe for them.
“Of the above levels of personality affirmation, it is self-affirmation that, in all likelihood, is of paramount importance, stimulating the thirst for recognition at the social and socio-psychological levels. By self-affirmation, a person feels more and more independent, expands the psychological boundaries of his existence, and himself becomes a source of change in the world around him , making him safer for himself. This gives him the opportunity to appear in the proper light both in the eyes of the group he values and in the eyes of society. These recognitions, mutually complementing each other, provide the individual with internal psychological comfort and a sense of security.
Among bribe takers and embezzlers there are people who strive for affirmation at the social, socio-psychological, and individual levels. Among thieves, robbers, robbers, and swindlers, those who are established at the second and third levels are more often found.
Often, committing a selfish carding provides a person with a solution to some internal problems in addition to status ones. Possession of material goods gives a person confidence, reduces anxiety about one’s social identity, and eliminates, often temporarily, feelings of envy and one’s own inferiority.
Self-affirmation is a common motive when committing rape. Rape is not only the satisfaction of a sexual need, not only a manifestation of a private psychology and a primitive attitude towards a woman, not only disrespect for her, for her honor and dignity, but, above all, the assertion of one’s personality in such an ugly and socially dangerous way.
Subjective causes of rape are associated, first of all, with the peculiarities of the offender’s self-perception, with his feeling, often on a subconscious level, of his own inferiority, inferiority as a man. Often such a feeling, an experience, takes on a rigidly fixed character, a person seems to be chained to the object of frustration on which he is dependent (a woman in general). The desire to get rid of this dependence and at the same time to assert oneself in the male role can push such a person to commit rape.
Of particular interest in this regard is the dangerous category of rapists who suddenly attack unknown women and try to forcefully overcome their resistance. The behavior of such carders is similar to the actions of a hunter waiting for or tracking prey. For the most part, such “hunters” are characterized positively in everyday life and at work; they are caring in the family, but in relation to other women they experience sharply negative emotions.
As scientists note, “such rapists take a subordinate, passive position in relation to a woman, the woman dominates the man and directs him. As a rule, their self-identification with the male role is impaired with a powerful tension of sexual need, fixation on sexual relations, which are reduced only to sexual acts outside of moral and psychological closeness. It was also established that such persons had a powerful, dominant mother and a weak-willed, subordinate father in childhood. When creating their own family, they psychologically recreated their early family situation, figuratively speaking, took the place of their father and chose a woman as their wife. similar in its psychological traits and behavior to its mother".
“Hunters” are dependent not only on their mother and wife, but also on women in general, since relationships with them are subconsciously built on a maternal-child basis. Therefore, the motives for rape among the “hunters” are, on the one hand, the desire to destroy the psychological dominance of women in general, and not specific individuals, and on the other hand, the desire to achieve identification with the male gender role in the act of sexual violence, to assert oneself, to gain personal and emotional autonomy. However, it is not possible to achieve final liberation from psychological dependence on women through a single attempt at violence. It is for this reason that the individual continues to carry out sudden and violent attacks on women, sometimes several dozen times.
It is also believed that the desire to get rid of the psychological dictates of a woman, “imposed” by her mother in childhood, underlies many cases of rape of older women.
As for the most dangerous carder manifestations - serial sexual murders, then, according to researchers, they are based on the following motives:
1) sexual assaults on women, accompanied by manifestations of particular cruelty, are determined not so much by the sexual needs of the carders, but by the need to get rid of psychological dependence on a woman as a symbol, an abstract image with great power;
2) social or biological rejection (real or imaginary) by a woman gives rise to a person’s fear of losing his social and biological status, place in life. By raping and killing the victim, that is, by completely dominating her, the carder appears in his own eyes as a strong personality. Thus, the motive of self-affirmation is manifested here;
3) attacks on adolescents and especially children are often determined by unconscious motives, when severe traumatic childhood experiences associated with emotional rejection by parents and humiliation through their fault take place. In such cases, the child or adolescent who has become a victim also acts as a symbol of a difficult childhood: the offender destroys this symbol, thus trying to free himself from constant painful experiences. In this case, the motive of displacement appears;
4) sexual attacks on children and adolescents, involving their murder, may be caused by the inability of the offender to establish normal sexual contacts with adult women or by the fact that such contacts do not provide the desired satisfaction due to various gender and age defects;
5) obtaining sexual satisfaction and even orgasm at the sight of the torment and agony of the victim. This is a purely sadistic motivation.
It should be added to the above that the leading motive for a number of serial murders, including sexual ones, is necrophilia - an irresistible attraction to death, the destruction of all living things, the most prominent representative of which was Chikatilo.
Not every killer can be classified as a necrophiliac. Among the murderers there are many who committed a carding in a state of strong emotion, out of revenge, jealousy or hatred of another person, under pressure from a group or other difficult circumstances of their life, and at the same time may regret what happened. “A necrophile,” notes Yu. M. Antonyan, “is a person who is inclined to solve all problems only through violence and destruction, who takes pleasure in tormenting and making people suffer, in a word, one who cannot exist without turning living things into non-living things.”
Protective motivation. Research shows that a significant number of murders have an objective, usually unconscious, meaning of protection from an external threat, which in reality may not exist. In this case, fear of possible aggression usually stimulates the commission of threatening aggressive actions.
Yu. M. Antonyan gives the following example. O., as a teenager, often committed hooligan acts and beat up his peers if it seemed to him that they were in any way threatening him. He was constantly ready to fight back and for this he always carried a knife with him. After serving in the army, he punched a foreman at work who allegedly insulted him. Another time, approaching a group of men, he stabbed one of them from behind (but only cut his suit) - it seemed to him that they were talking badly about him. A year later, seeing a group of teenagers at the entrance to the club, he approached them and stabbed the guy in the heart, from which he died on the spot. O. explained his actions as follows: “He cursed me, and I will not tolerate this from anyone.” It is interesting that O., in his own words, killed not the one who insulted him, but the other one standing next to him. This suggests that it is important for him to realize his readiness to attack, and insults were only a pretext for venting defensive aggressiveness.
Often, the rape and subsequent murder of the victim is a defensive motivation; this occurs in cases where the woman’s behavior, real or imaginary, is perceived by the offender as degrading his manhood or threatening his self-perception and self-esteem in the male role. For example, a woman enters into a sexual game with a man, assigning him a passive role in it. A woman is ready to play a love game only up to a certain limit. The man doesn’t know about this. But as soon as the limit of love play she needs is reached, the woman becomes tough and unforgiving. With her unexpectedly obstructive behavior, she causes a state of frustration in a man. And the point here is not only that he experiences strong sexual arousal that requires satisfaction. A categorical refusal of sexual intimacy is perceived by a man as a grave humiliation of his dignity, a blow to his self-esteem, pride, which causes him to burst into rage.
Substitution motives. There are frequent cases of violent carding being committed through the mechanism of substitute actions. The essence of these actions is that if the initial goal becomes unattainable for some reason, then the person seeks to replace it with another one that is accessible. Thanks to “replacement” actions, neuropsychic tension in a state of frustration is discharged (relieved).
“Substitution” of actions, that is, displacement in the object of attack, can occur in different ways. Firstly, by “generalization” or “spreading” of behavior, when violent impulses are directed not only against persons who are the source of frustration, but also against their relatives, acquaintances, etc. In such cases, a person, having quarreled with one person, addresses your aggression to this person’s relatives or friends. Secondly, through emotional transference. For example, a teenager who hates his stepfather spoils his things. Thirdly, aggression during “replacement” actions is directed against inanimate objects or strangers who come to hand. This is the so-called reactive aggression, the most dangerous because its targets are often defenseless people. Fourthly, a type of “replacement” action is “auto-aggression,” i.e., turning aggression on oneself. Without the opportunity to “throw out” his hostility outside, a person begins to scold himself and often causes himself various injuries.
To illustrate the effect of the mechanism of displacing aggression by displacing it (replacing it) onto an accessible object, we can give an example of a murder described by V. Astafiev in the story “The Sad Detective”: “... A young guy, who recently graduated from a vocational school, drunkenly climbed into the women’s dormitory of a flax mill, the gentlemen-"chemists" who were there did not let the milksucker in. A fight ensued. The guy was beaten in the face and sent home for this. He decided to kill the first person he met. who came to Weisk for the holidays to visit her husband. Peteushnik threw her under the railway embankment, long and persistently smashed her head with a stone. Even when he threw the woman under the embankment and jumped after her, she realized that he would kill her, and asked: “Don’t kill me. ! I am still young and I will soon have a child." This only infuriated the killer. At the trial, in his last word, he muttered: "I would still kill someone. Is it my fault that I got such a good woman?".
Game motives . One of the most common motives for carder behavior is gaming. This type of motivation is quite common among thieves, robbers, especially swindlers, and less often among other categories of carders. Representatives of the carder “gamblers” include those who commit carding not only, and in many cases not so much for material gain, but for the sake of a game that delivers thrills.
Game motives are often found in the carder actions of pickpockets and often those who commit thefts from apartments, shops and other premises. These motives are clearly manifested in fraud, where intellectual confrontation, competition in dexterity, ingenuity, and the ability to make the most of favorable circumstances and quickly make decisions are carried out. Card sharpers play a double game, as it were, both by following the rules and by deceiving, thereby obtaining the maximum experience from risk.
Motives for self-justification . One of the universal motives for carder behavior in the vast majority of cases is the motive of self-justification: denial of guilt and, as a consequence, lack of remorse for what has been done. Sincere condemnation of one's actions is quite rare, but confession is usually followed by reasoning aimed at minimizing guilt.
The question arises: through what psychological mechanisms does one relieve oneself of responsibility for what has been done? Here there are mechanisms of psychological self-defense that reduce, neutralize or completely remove barriers to moral and legal control when carder law prohibitions are violated. It is on this basis that self-justification and internal liberation from the feeling of guilt for the carding committed and committed occurs.
The study of the personality of the carder has shown the exceptional importance of defense mechanisms that prepare and encourage carder behavior, and then retrospectively justify it. Having been subjected to negative sanctions or fearing them, a person chooses the path to eliminate the adverse consequences of his behavior that runs counter to the generally accepted norm, neutralizing socio-legal control through the inclusion of protective mechanisms.
The latter include perceptual defense, denial, repression, rationalization, projection, etc.
In general, the motives for self-justification of carder behavior are manifested in:
1) a distorted idea of the carder situation, in which the importance of some elements is selectively exaggerated and the role of others is downplayed, resulting in the illusion of the optional application of carder punishment;
2) excluding liability for the occurrence of a carder situation, which is understood as a fatal coincidence of circumstances;
3) portraying oneself as a victim of coercion, treachery, deceit and deception of other persons or one’s own mistakes and delusions, which led to illegal actions;
4) belief in the formality of the norms being violated, the commonness of such actions, due to which they are regarded as acceptable;
5) denial of the victim of the carding and the subject of the carder attack and thereby ignoring the harmful consequences and social danger of the act;
6) belittling and embellishing one’s role in the carding committed;
7) ennobling the true motives of their actions, as a result of which they seem excusable and even legitimate (defense of justice, etc.);
8) considering oneself as a victim of abnormal living conditions, an environment that seemed to inevitably push one to commit a carding;
9) hypertrophy of one’s own personal qualities, in asserting one’s exclusivity, which puts the person, in his opinion, above the law.
The fight against inadequate, substitutive, delayed and other carder actions, due to the presence of “unconscious” elements in them, should be built on the basis of knowledge of the features of their motivational mechanism.
§ 3. Planning a carding
When needs have formed the motive for a carding, the time comes for the implementation of this motive. Thus, the second link of a deliberate carding is planning of carder activity. It is at this stage that the offender’s plan is formalized, and the carding turns from an abstract intention into a tangible reality.
Planning to commit a carding, like any other act, is subject to the general laws of planning operations. These include the following requirements or prerequisites: you need to know the environment in which the person intends to act; it is necessary to clearly define the purpose of the actions and their object, the methods and means used, the time and place of action, costs, and methods for implementing the achieved results. In this case, the person should clearly understand the possibilities that he has, anticipate the expected difficulties and the likely consequences of his actions.
Planning, as a link in the mechanism of carder behavior, can have different “content” depending on the type of carding, the personality of the carder and the current situation. But in any case, it includes three elements: choosing a goal, choosing an object of attack and determining the means to achieve the goal.
The purpose of committing a carding is usually understood as the result that the carder strives for. But there can be several such results, and they are interdependent. Therefore, the main goal should be highlighted (for example, taking money during a bank robbery); intermediate (when preparing a bank robbery, you need to find accomplices, get the necessary tools, conduct reconnaissance of the area, etc.); additional, secondary (thus, the leader of a gang, killing a guilty subordinate, strives not only to get rid of the “traitor”, but also to intimidate other members of the gang, and sometimes to strengthen the feeling of his own superiority in his own eyes).
After or along with defining the goal, an object is selected. In criminology, when speaking about an object, they mean the victim or a material object at which the actions of the carder are directed. The nature of the object depends mainly on the motive of the carding and the main goal of the carder. This dependence is not rigid, since the same goal (and motive) can be satisfied by different objects (for example, in the case of theft, different material values). And the same object can help achieve different goals.
The final element of planning is the definition and choice of the method of committing the carding (the means to achieve the goal). The method of committing a carding is a set of techniques used by the carder to realize his intentions.
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§ 1. The concept of the mechanism of carder behavior
§ 2. Motivation for carder behavior
§ 3. Planning a carding
§ 1. The concept of the mechanism of carder behavior
For science, the important question is not only “why” a carding is committed, i.e. the causal aspect, but also “how”, which means the instrumental aspect. To analyze this problem, the concept of “mechanism of carder behavior” has been developed. Human carder behavior is a process that unfolds both in space and time, and which includes not only the actions themselves that change the external environment, but also the psychological phenomena and processes that precede them that determine the genesis of unlawful behavior. The mechanism of carder behavior is understood as the connection and interaction of external factors of objective reality and internal, mental processes and states that determine the decision to commit a carding, directing and controlling the execution of this decision.
As is known, carding, according to their subjective properties, are divided into intentional and careless. In turn, among intentional carding, those committed in a state of passion stand out. The mechanism of carder behavior in all cases has its own specifics. It is most fully and comprehensively presented in the so-called premeditated carding, i.e. those the commission of which was consciously planned by the subject even before the onset of the situation in which the carder plan was carried out.
The mechanism of a premeditated carding in its most complete form includes three main links:
1) motivation for the carding;
2) planning carder actions;
3) execution of a carding and the onset of socially dangerous consequences.
The first link includes the needs of the individual, his interests, and value orientations, which give rise to motives for behavior. Motive is an internal urge to action. It has a need as its driving force. The need itself is neutral. Everyone wants to eat and live. But one is capable of killing his neighbor for a piece of bread, and the other - like the Decembrist Yakubovich - goes before death, in a fever, to the winter river, make an ice hole and fish in order to repay the debt to the mistress and end earthly calculations.
In the second link of the mechanism of carder behavior, motivation is concretized into a plan for committing a carding. The subject determines the immediate goals and objects of his actions, as well as the means, place and time of committing the carding, and makes appropriate decisions. At this stage, the influence of external factors is even more noticeable. It is so strong that it can change intentions and force one to abandon the carding.
The third link is the direct commission of the carding. It covers both the carder actions (inaction) of a person and the occurrence of a carder result. Here, carder behavior coincides with carding as an external fact of a socially dangerous and illegal action.
The mechanism of carder behavior contains in form the same psychological elements - processes and states - as the mechanism of lawful action, but filled with different social and ideological content. It, as in the performance of socially useful actions, reflects the external environment in which a person acts, but this reflection, as a rule, is defective. The mechanism of carding, functioning in an expanded or collapsed (compressed) form, realizes the will and consciousness of the subject, however, the emotions, will, and consciousness of the carder are aimed at achieving antisocial goals, and their content is contrary to social interests. Analysis of the content and features of the functioning of the mechanism of individual carder behavior is of interest from both theoretical and practical points of view. Scientifically, it is important because it reveals the personality traits of the carder and those aspects of the social environment that form the causes and conditions conducive to the commission of carding. In practical terms, because it helps to identify measures that can prevent a carding and change the direction of the offender’s personality.
§ 2. Motivation for carder behavior
The first link in the mechanism of carder behavior covers the formation of motives for carding. Motive is understood as an internal urge to do a particular action. It is seen as the direct cause of the carding. The study of motive answers the question of why a person acts in one way or another.
The motive for a carding is that internal urge that arouses in a person the determination to commit a carding and guides him in carrying it out. Incentives are a form of a person’s attitude towards the environment as a source of their satisfaction. Being an incentive, a motive is always directed towards one or another object (person, object), which acts as a means of satisfying it.
The main role in the formation of carder behavior is played by the needs of the subject. A person’s needs reflect his dependence on the outside world, his need for something.
The needs of modern man are very diverse. Classifying them, we can distinguish three main groups: 1) socialized organic (physiological) needs - for self-preservation, reproduction, etc.; 2) material needs; 3) social needs - to gain social status, recognition, self-affirmation, creativity, meaning in life, etc.
The need cannot remain unsatisfied for any long time, since it either fades away, or the person becomes fixed on it, “stuck.” The blocked need asserts itself persistently and persistently, and takes on an obsessive character. If the natural or legal satisfaction of this need becomes impossible for some reason, its satisfaction may take imaginary (ugly, perverted) or antisocial forms.
Individual actions, and even more so the behavior of a person as a whole, including carder behavior, are mainly guided not by one, but by several motives that are in complex hierarchical relationships with each other. Among them there are leaders who stimulate behavior and give it personal meaning. Thus, in most cases, the basis of theft is not only selfish motives, but also motives for self-affirmation of the individual in the eyes of a prestigious (reference) group.
In addition, as research has established, it is the leading motives that are unconscious in nature. For this reason, carders in many cases cannot clearly explain why they committed a given carding.
Summarizing the results of studies of the latter individuals, we can identify the following motives for antisocial behavior: motives of self-affirmation (status), protective, replacement, game motives, motives of self-justification, which can be of both a conscious and unconscious nature.
Motives for self-affirmation . The need for self-affirmation is the most important need that stimulates the widest range of human behavior. It manifests itself in a person’s desire to assert himself at the social, socio-psychological and individual levels.
Affirmation of personality at the social level means the desire to gain social status, i.e., achieving a certain social role position associated with recognition of the individual in the field of professional or social activity. Affirmation at the socio-psychological level is associated with the desire to gain personal status, that is, to achieve recognition from a personally significant immediate environment at the group level - family, reference group (friends, acquaintances, peers, work colleagues, etc.). But this can also be a group with which a person does not have contact, but which he strives to join and become a member of. In such cases, carding acts as a way to penetrate such a group and achieve recognition. This is most typical for teenagers and young adults.
Personality affirmation at the individual level (self-affirmation) is associated with the desire to achieve high grades and self-esteem, increase self-esteem and the level of self-esteem. This is achieved by performing actions that, in a person’s opinion, help overcome any psychological flaws or weaknesses and at the same time demonstrate the strengths of the individual.
Most often, such self-affirmation occurs unconsciously. It is typical, for example, for plunderers of the so-called prestigious type, who strive to achieve a certain social status or maintain it by any means, including carderity. Failure to achieve it, and even more so its loss, means a life catastrophe for them.
“Of the above levels of personality affirmation, it is self-affirmation that, in all likelihood, is of paramount importance, stimulating the thirst for recognition at the social and socio-psychological levels. By self-affirmation, a person feels more and more independent, expands the psychological boundaries of his existence, and himself becomes a source of change in the world around him , making him safer for himself. This gives him the opportunity to appear in the proper light both in the eyes of the group he values and in the eyes of society. These recognitions, mutually complementing each other, provide the individual with internal psychological comfort and a sense of security.
Among bribe takers and embezzlers there are people who strive for affirmation at the social, socio-psychological, and individual levels. Among thieves, robbers, robbers, and swindlers, those who are established at the second and third levels are more often found.
Often, committing a selfish carding provides a person with a solution to some internal problems in addition to status ones. Possession of material goods gives a person confidence, reduces anxiety about one’s social identity, and eliminates, often temporarily, feelings of envy and one’s own inferiority.
Self-affirmation is a common motive when committing rape. Rape is not only the satisfaction of a sexual need, not only a manifestation of a private psychology and a primitive attitude towards a woman, not only disrespect for her, for her honor and dignity, but, above all, the assertion of one’s personality in such an ugly and socially dangerous way.
Subjective causes of rape are associated, first of all, with the peculiarities of the offender’s self-perception, with his feeling, often on a subconscious level, of his own inferiority, inferiority as a man. Often such a feeling, an experience, takes on a rigidly fixed character, a person seems to be chained to the object of frustration on which he is dependent (a woman in general). The desire to get rid of this dependence and at the same time to assert oneself in the male role can push such a person to commit rape.
Of particular interest in this regard is the dangerous category of rapists who suddenly attack unknown women and try to forcefully overcome their resistance. The behavior of such carders is similar to the actions of a hunter waiting for or tracking prey. For the most part, such “hunters” are characterized positively in everyday life and at work; they are caring in the family, but in relation to other women they experience sharply negative emotions.
As scientists note, “such rapists take a subordinate, passive position in relation to a woman, the woman dominates the man and directs him. As a rule, their self-identification with the male role is impaired with a powerful tension of sexual need, fixation on sexual relations, which are reduced only to sexual acts outside of moral and psychological closeness. It was also established that such persons had a powerful, dominant mother and a weak-willed, subordinate father in childhood. When creating their own family, they psychologically recreated their early family situation, figuratively speaking, took the place of their father and chose a woman as their wife. similar in its psychological traits and behavior to its mother".
“Hunters” are dependent not only on their mother and wife, but also on women in general, since relationships with them are subconsciously built on a maternal-child basis. Therefore, the motives for rape among the “hunters” are, on the one hand, the desire to destroy the psychological dominance of women in general, and not specific individuals, and on the other hand, the desire to achieve identification with the male gender role in the act of sexual violence, to assert oneself, to gain personal and emotional autonomy. However, it is not possible to achieve final liberation from psychological dependence on women through a single attempt at violence. It is for this reason that the individual continues to carry out sudden and violent attacks on women, sometimes several dozen times.
It is also believed that the desire to get rid of the psychological dictates of a woman, “imposed” by her mother in childhood, underlies many cases of rape of older women.
As for the most dangerous carder manifestations - serial sexual murders, then, according to researchers, they are based on the following motives:
1) sexual assaults on women, accompanied by manifestations of particular cruelty, are determined not so much by the sexual needs of the carders, but by the need to get rid of psychological dependence on a woman as a symbol, an abstract image with great power;
2) social or biological rejection (real or imaginary) by a woman gives rise to a person’s fear of losing his social and biological status, place in life. By raping and killing the victim, that is, by completely dominating her, the carder appears in his own eyes as a strong personality. Thus, the motive of self-affirmation is manifested here;
3) attacks on adolescents and especially children are often determined by unconscious motives, when severe traumatic childhood experiences associated with emotional rejection by parents and humiliation through their fault take place. In such cases, the child or adolescent who has become a victim also acts as a symbol of a difficult childhood: the offender destroys this symbol, thus trying to free himself from constant painful experiences. In this case, the motive of displacement appears;
4) sexual attacks on children and adolescents, involving their murder, may be caused by the inability of the offender to establish normal sexual contacts with adult women or by the fact that such contacts do not provide the desired satisfaction due to various gender and age defects;
5) obtaining sexual satisfaction and even orgasm at the sight of the torment and agony of the victim. This is a purely sadistic motivation.
It should be added to the above that the leading motive for a number of serial murders, including sexual ones, is necrophilia - an irresistible attraction to death, the destruction of all living things, the most prominent representative of which was Chikatilo.
Not every killer can be classified as a necrophiliac. Among the murderers there are many who committed a carding in a state of strong emotion, out of revenge, jealousy or hatred of another person, under pressure from a group or other difficult circumstances of their life, and at the same time may regret what happened. “A necrophile,” notes Yu. M. Antonyan, “is a person who is inclined to solve all problems only through violence and destruction, who takes pleasure in tormenting and making people suffer, in a word, one who cannot exist without turning living things into non-living things.”
Protective motivation. Research shows that a significant number of murders have an objective, usually unconscious, meaning of protection from an external threat, which in reality may not exist. In this case, fear of possible aggression usually stimulates the commission of threatening aggressive actions.
Yu. M. Antonyan gives the following example. O., as a teenager, often committed hooligan acts and beat up his peers if it seemed to him that they were in any way threatening him. He was constantly ready to fight back and for this he always carried a knife with him. After serving in the army, he punched a foreman at work who allegedly insulted him. Another time, approaching a group of men, he stabbed one of them from behind (but only cut his suit) - it seemed to him that they were talking badly about him. A year later, seeing a group of teenagers at the entrance to the club, he approached them and stabbed the guy in the heart, from which he died on the spot. O. explained his actions as follows: “He cursed me, and I will not tolerate this from anyone.” It is interesting that O., in his own words, killed not the one who insulted him, but the other one standing next to him. This suggests that it is important for him to realize his readiness to attack, and insults were only a pretext for venting defensive aggressiveness.
Often, the rape and subsequent murder of the victim is a defensive motivation; this occurs in cases where the woman’s behavior, real or imaginary, is perceived by the offender as degrading his manhood or threatening his self-perception and self-esteem in the male role. For example, a woman enters into a sexual game with a man, assigning him a passive role in it. A woman is ready to play a love game only up to a certain limit. The man doesn’t know about this. But as soon as the limit of love play she needs is reached, the woman becomes tough and unforgiving. With her unexpectedly obstructive behavior, she causes a state of frustration in a man. And the point here is not only that he experiences strong sexual arousal that requires satisfaction. A categorical refusal of sexual intimacy is perceived by a man as a grave humiliation of his dignity, a blow to his self-esteem, pride, which causes him to burst into rage.
Substitution motives. There are frequent cases of violent carding being committed through the mechanism of substitute actions. The essence of these actions is that if the initial goal becomes unattainable for some reason, then the person seeks to replace it with another one that is accessible. Thanks to “replacement” actions, neuropsychic tension in a state of frustration is discharged (relieved).
“Substitution” of actions, that is, displacement in the object of attack, can occur in different ways. Firstly, by “generalization” or “spreading” of behavior, when violent impulses are directed not only against persons who are the source of frustration, but also against their relatives, acquaintances, etc. In such cases, a person, having quarreled with one person, addresses your aggression to this person’s relatives or friends. Secondly, through emotional transference. For example, a teenager who hates his stepfather spoils his things. Thirdly, aggression during “replacement” actions is directed against inanimate objects or strangers who come to hand. This is the so-called reactive aggression, the most dangerous because its targets are often defenseless people. Fourthly, a type of “replacement” action is “auto-aggression,” i.e., turning aggression on oneself. Without the opportunity to “throw out” his hostility outside, a person begins to scold himself and often causes himself various injuries.
To illustrate the effect of the mechanism of displacing aggression by displacing it (replacing it) onto an accessible object, we can give an example of a murder described by V. Astafiev in the story “The Sad Detective”: “... A young guy, who recently graduated from a vocational school, drunkenly climbed into the women’s dormitory of a flax mill, the gentlemen-"chemists" who were there did not let the milksucker in. A fight ensued. The guy was beaten in the face and sent home for this. He decided to kill the first person he met. who came to Weisk for the holidays to visit her husband. Peteushnik threw her under the railway embankment, long and persistently smashed her head with a stone. Even when he threw the woman under the embankment and jumped after her, she realized that he would kill her, and asked: “Don’t kill me. ! I am still young and I will soon have a child." This only infuriated the killer. At the trial, in his last word, he muttered: "I would still kill someone. Is it my fault that I got such a good woman?".
Game motives . One of the most common motives for carder behavior is gaming. This type of motivation is quite common among thieves, robbers, especially swindlers, and less often among other categories of carders. Representatives of the carder “gamblers” include those who commit carding not only, and in many cases not so much for material gain, but for the sake of a game that delivers thrills.
Game motives are often found in the carder actions of pickpockets and often those who commit thefts from apartments, shops and other premises. These motives are clearly manifested in fraud, where intellectual confrontation, competition in dexterity, ingenuity, and the ability to make the most of favorable circumstances and quickly make decisions are carried out. Card sharpers play a double game, as it were, both by following the rules and by deceiving, thereby obtaining the maximum experience from risk.
Motives for self-justification . One of the universal motives for carder behavior in the vast majority of cases is the motive of self-justification: denial of guilt and, as a consequence, lack of remorse for what has been done. Sincere condemnation of one's actions is quite rare, but confession is usually followed by reasoning aimed at minimizing guilt.
The question arises: through what psychological mechanisms does one relieve oneself of responsibility for what has been done? Here there are mechanisms of psychological self-defense that reduce, neutralize or completely remove barriers to moral and legal control when carder law prohibitions are violated. It is on this basis that self-justification and internal liberation from the feeling of guilt for the carding committed and committed occurs.
The study of the personality of the carder has shown the exceptional importance of defense mechanisms that prepare and encourage carder behavior, and then retrospectively justify it. Having been subjected to negative sanctions or fearing them, a person chooses the path to eliminate the adverse consequences of his behavior that runs counter to the generally accepted norm, neutralizing socio-legal control through the inclusion of protective mechanisms.
The latter include perceptual defense, denial, repression, rationalization, projection, etc.
In general, the motives for self-justification of carder behavior are manifested in:
1) a distorted idea of the carder situation, in which the importance of some elements is selectively exaggerated and the role of others is downplayed, resulting in the illusion of the optional application of carder punishment;
2) excluding liability for the occurrence of a carder situation, which is understood as a fatal coincidence of circumstances;
3) portraying oneself as a victim of coercion, treachery, deceit and deception of other persons or one’s own mistakes and delusions, which led to illegal actions;
4) belief in the formality of the norms being violated, the commonness of such actions, due to which they are regarded as acceptable;
5) denial of the victim of the carding and the subject of the carder attack and thereby ignoring the harmful consequences and social danger of the act;
6) belittling and embellishing one’s role in the carding committed;
7) ennobling the true motives of their actions, as a result of which they seem excusable and even legitimate (defense of justice, etc.);
8) considering oneself as a victim of abnormal living conditions, an environment that seemed to inevitably push one to commit a carding;
9) hypertrophy of one’s own personal qualities, in asserting one’s exclusivity, which puts the person, in his opinion, above the law.
The fight against inadequate, substitutive, delayed and other carder actions, due to the presence of “unconscious” elements in them, should be built on the basis of knowledge of the features of their motivational mechanism.
§ 3. Planning a carding
When needs have formed the motive for a carding, the time comes for the implementation of this motive. Thus, the second link of a deliberate carding is planning of carder activity. It is at this stage that the offender’s plan is formalized, and the carding turns from an abstract intention into a tangible reality.
Planning to commit a carding, like any other act, is subject to the general laws of planning operations. These include the following requirements or prerequisites: you need to know the environment in which the person intends to act; it is necessary to clearly define the purpose of the actions and their object, the methods and means used, the time and place of action, costs, and methods for implementing the achieved results. In this case, the person should clearly understand the possibilities that he has, anticipate the expected difficulties and the likely consequences of his actions.
Planning, as a link in the mechanism of carder behavior, can have different “content” depending on the type of carding, the personality of the carder and the current situation. But in any case, it includes three elements: choosing a goal, choosing an object of attack and determining the means to achieve the goal.
The purpose of committing a carding is usually understood as the result that the carder strives for. But there can be several such results, and they are interdependent. Therefore, the main goal should be highlighted (for example, taking money during a bank robbery); intermediate (when preparing a bank robbery, you need to find accomplices, get the necessary tools, conduct reconnaissance of the area, etc.); additional, secondary (thus, the leader of a gang, killing a guilty subordinate, strives not only to get rid of the “traitor”, but also to intimidate other members of the gang, and sometimes to strengthen the feeling of his own superiority in his own eyes).
After or along with defining the goal, an object is selected. In criminology, when speaking about an object, they mean the victim or a material object at which the actions of the carder are directed. The nature of the object depends mainly on the motive of the carding and the main goal of the carder. This dependence is not rigid, since the same goal (and motive) can be satisfied by different objects (for example, in the case of theft, different material values). And the same object can help achieve different goals.
The final element of planning is the definition and choice of the method of committing the carding (the means to achieve the goal). The method of committing a carding is a set of techniques used by the carder to realize his intentions.
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