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External surveillance (ES) is one of the methods of conducting detective activities, implying a continuous or selective study of the state and activities of the object of observation (OO) (hereinafter, OO will be understood as the observed person, object or phenomenon), with subsequent generalization and analysis of the data obtained as a result of its implementation.
The tasks solved as a result of conducting ES activities may be different: determining the circle of communication of the observed person, identifying his inclinations and interests, establishing the size and sources of income received, studying the work schedule, routes, security system and the level of professionalism of its employees, recording various phenomena (acts, events, facts and processes).
ES can be conducted visually or with the use of optical devices and technical means. The intensity of ES, depending on the tasks set, can be different: one-time, selective, periodic, preventive and continuous. ES can be conducted covertly (to obtain information about the object of observation) and demonstratively (with the aim of exerting a negative impact on the emotional state of the object). ES is carried out behind stationary and moving objects, in the latter case ES can be pursuing (i.e. moving after the object) and oncoming (from observation posts set up in advance at convenient points along the object's route for observation). At a great distance or when it is impossible to approach the object, special technical means are used to organize NN.
Reasons for the detection of ES by the criminal:
One of the most important tasks of surveillance is to establish connections with the surveillance object. When an object is contacted, the contactee's appearance and clothing are initially remembered, the nature of the meeting is assessed (accidental, by prior arrangement, official, personal, etc.), the initiator of the meeting is identified, the subject and duration of the conversation are determined - all this is described in detail in the report on the work done. The identity of the surveillance object's connections is established at their place of residence and place of work. Usually, these activities are carried out by one or two detectives acting under the cover of utility and repair services, employees of pension funds, commercial agents or a sociological survey group.
Information is collected from neighbors on the landing and in the garage, from women of retirement age near the entrance to their home, colleagues at work, employees of utility services and housing offices.
It is strictly forbidden to cover surveillance activities with the actions of state law enforcement agencies and special services. The surveillance process is very complex, as it requires significant effort and resources. NN, as a rule, is carried out purposefully, covertly, in the right place, at a certain time, by people specially trained for this.
1. CONDUCTING EXTERNAL SURVEILLANCE (ES)
Detective and surveillance team. Equipment. Methods of camouflage ES can be carried out either by an individual detective or by a group of several people. We will conventionally call a group of detectives who jointly carry out ES activities a ES team.
A ES team usually consists of three or four people and a car assigned to them. It is desirable that each team member has a driver's license and driving skills. This is useful in many cases: firstly, it expands operational capabilities, since it allows surveillance to be carried out by the entire team, replacing the driver in shifts; secondly, it insures against various accidents from a fly in the eye to a sudden attack of appendicitis.
Upon detection of an object, all members of the ES team, including the driver, must visually familiarize themselves with it. In case of strict resource constraints, it is possible to use a pair of detectives equipped with a vehicle. Working alone is fraught with the rapid deciphering of the surveillance being conducted by the object or its environment, however, when there is no other way out, one must be content with what is available.
As has already been said above, the most important task when conducting surveillance is to prevent the detective from being deciphered. The detective should not attract the attention of the people around him, therefore, the use of eye-catching and eye-catching clothes is excluded. The wardrobe used should be changed regularly, especially the upper part - jackets, raincoats, coats, hats. The detective must have a supply of clothes of various styles and colors. A car can be used as a wardrobe, having first taken measures to camouflage the clothes stored in it. It is strictly forbidden to store several hats at the same time near the rear window, especially when there is only one person in the car at a time.
A good disguise is the use of women in surveillance, both alone and in a pair with a man. In these cases, the ES team works under a "legend" - "married couple" or "lovers".
To conduct ES activities, the detective must be appropriately equipped. Conducting ES is a fairly time-consuming process fraught with various turns of events. In this regard, it is necessary to take care in advance of the availability of food and drinks, first aid supplies, a driver's license, an ID card, a map of the area, a pen, a notepad, spare film, video cassettes, money, means of communication and spare batteries.
Sometimes during the process of conducting ES it is quite difficult to leave the car for reasons of camouflage to relieve oneself; for such a case, it is advisable to have a vessel with a wide neck and a tightly closing lid.
Since several transfers from one mode of transport to another are possible during surveillance of the subject, the detective must have a single travel ticket for all modes of transport and some cash in small bills. In addition, it is advisable to have a large reserve sum for unforeseen expenses, for example, for visiting a restaurant with the subject or accompanying him on a train or plane. Although a significant part of the work can be done in a car, the detective conducting surveillance has to walk a lot in any weather. Therefore, the shoes used must be good quality, durable and comfortable. In no case is it permissible to go to a surveillance event in new, unbroken shoes. For surveillance, people with unremarkable faces typical for a given area are used, without characteristic identification marks: scars, warts or moles. To conduct high-quality surveillance, you need an excellent memory, iron patience, good hearing, full vision, instant reaction, the ability to improvise and navigate in any situation, including critical ones.
The age from 25 to 50 years is most effective, since younger people do not have sufficient life experience and can commit ill-considered actions leading to decoding of surveillance in front of the object. People over 50 lose their reaction speed, have health problems and can hardly master new operational equipment.
A detective conducting surveillance must be in good health, since conducting such events involves many hours outdoors in any weather. The most important rule of conducting surveillance is to immediately stop surveillance when it is decoded by the SN or his entourage. Setting the task for the outdoor surveillance team Immediately before conducting a surveillance event, the senior member of the surveillance team is obliged to conduct a 10-15-minute briefing. During this time, he must clearly and distinctly explain the local purpose of the operation (for example, to take the object under surveillance when leaving work and escort him to his place of residence). The strategic goals of the operation, i.e. what is its focus and what is the purpose of the collected facts, are contraindicated for the surveillance team to know due to a possible information leak.
Next, the senior must set the task for each member of the team, explain the procedure for interaction and actions in critical situations, point out past shortcomings in work and formulate measures to prevent them. The senior also stipulates the mode of radio and visual communication between the members of the surveillance team. The senior of the surveillance team must necessarily clarify the surveillance schedule: the round-the-clock surveillance post can be three- or four-shift. The most optimal is a 6-hour work schedule.
The members of the ES team must be familiar with the verbal portrait and photograph (if there is none, then it is necessary to covertly photograph the object from different directions during the NN), a description of the appearance and habits of the observed.
Preliminary study of the object's route is extremely important. Particular attention must be paid to passageways, through roads, locations of nearby stores and markets, traffic lights and dead ends. The more thoroughly the preliminary study of the area is carried out, the fewer surprises there will be in further work.
The briefing ends with the agreement on the time and place of the ES team's assembly, as well as the method of delivery of operational equipment and people to the place where the ES activities are being carried out.
Types of outdoor surveillance
Surveillance from stationary positions is used to monitor a specific area, individual buildings, organizations, enterprises, objects or persons that are not in motion.
Standard tasks of surveillance from stationary positions:
At the preliminary stage of organizing ES from stationary positions it is necessary to find out:
The internal layout of nearby buildings and structures can be determined in the following ways:
In order to obtain better results during surveillance, it is mandatory to record in the observation log everything that happens in the observer's area of responsibility, and, if necessary, take photographs or film them.
Stationary surveillance posts should be located in places where their long-term presence is understandable and at the same time it is possible to control all approaches to the object. These may be: car parks, cafes, restaurants, shops, apartments rented to fictitious persons, newspaper and food stalls, public transport stops, company offices, etc.
Surveillance can be carried out by one person, and if surveillance capabilities are significantly limited, then a surveillance team of 3-4 employees should be used. Since the long presence of detectives may arouse suspicion, after a while they should be replaced by surveillance colleagues who are nearby (but out of the surveillance zone). If the covert location of observers is associated with certain difficulties, then it is necessary to resort to surveillance from a car (with only one person allowed in the car) or to simulating its breakdown with subsequent repair. When observing from inside, it is recommended to cover the windows with light curtains and conduct ES from the depth of the room. In order not to be detected by sharp unmasking glare of the optics used, it is necessary to use so-called "light tunnels".
Accompanying the object of observation while moving on foot
Mobile surveillance usually involves four to six people or 1-2 surveillance teams. ES is conducted in such a way that only one observer is always in the immediate vicinity of the object. In addition to performing his immediate tasks of keeping the object in the zone of visual contact, his duties include informing the ES team of the position of the object. Communication with the team is carried out using gestures, body position, hands, actions and radio communication. The use of radio communication equipment should be as covert as possible. Communication equipment should be switched to vibration mode (i.e. tone mode), the use of sound call signals should be reduced as much as possible.
The signs used in ES as a code, as an example, may look like this:
The detective conducting surveillance of the person who is the object of surveillance must first find out the subject's place of residence and their daily routine. It is best to dictate the subject's behavior, contacts, numbers of cars used, their route, train schedules, etc. into a dictaphone, and then transcribe and record them on electronic or paper media.
The position chosen for surveillance of the subject's home should be, if possible, closed, i.e. not conspicuous to them. Parks, entrances to houses, buildings of institutions and organizations (especially with many visitors) are suitable for this. Outdoor cafes are especially convenient, where, having sat down by the window or having chosen a table on the street, you can calmly wait for the appearance of the subject of surveillance.
If detectives act in pairs, then while waiting for the subject to exit, it is necessary to position themselves as follows: one detective is positioned facing the place where the subject exits, and the other - with his back. It is possible to imitate a business conversation. Such a position allows one detective to relax and rest a little, while the second conducts surveillance.
If it is impossible to sit or stand nearby without attracting attention, one of the detectives can move around the location of the object, stopping along the way under various pretexts: looking at shop windows, talking to sellers at stalls, etc.
If this is also impossible for some reason, then it is necessary to take positions at both ends of the street and take the object under observation as it moves in one direction. When the object appears in the observation zone, it is necessary to remain calm and balanced; sudden movements are under no circumstances allowed. If the object does not notice the detective conducting the observation when leaving, it is advisable for the latter to try to hide somehow. If he has fallen into the object's field of vision, it is better not to change your position (if you are standing) or the pace and direction of movement (if you are moving) and hand the object over to another detective. The pursuit of the object should begin only when it has moved far away or disappeared around the corner.
Further pursuit is carried out without fuss and haste. The optimal position for observing an object while moving on foot is considered to be positioned behind the SN, which provides complete freedom of action. Only one person moves directly behind the object, the rest of the SN team are positioned behind in the form of an extended chain, with each of the subsequent ones orienting themselves according to the previous one. When working as part of the SN team, one of the detectives is obliged to move along the opposite side of the street parallel to the object, monitoring its possible turns at intersections and exits into passageways. This allows for better control of the object, preventing it from hiding at an intersection.
The distance from which observation is conducted depends on many factors. It can vary from 3-5 meters on busy streets or movement in a crowd, to 50-100 meters on sparsely populated and deserted streets, where it is enough to see the object from afar.
Movement after the object is carried out both on the same side of the street as the OS, and on the opposite side. The pace of movement of the observer should match the speed of movement of the object. When the OS turns a corner, the speed of movement accelerates. When working alone, in the case when the object is hiding around the corner of a house, you should not catch up with it by running, you need to cross to the opposite side of the street and speed up your step. If the OS cannot be found when coming out from behind the corner, then it is necessary to carefully analyze where the object could have hidden during the time when it was outside the visual control zone of the observer. Most often, these are shops, entrances, passageways, etc.
If the object is lost, the nearest area is covered by a gradually shrinking ring of members of the observation team. After detecting the object, the detectives gradually stretch out into a standard chain.
If the object has escaped observation, the places where the object may appear must be taken under control (the addresses of relatives, mistress, friends, regularly visited restaurants and cafes, place of work, etc.).
Following the object, the detective must be able to spot his object in a crowd: study his gait, characteristic movements, preferred routes of movement, etc. In order to carefully examine the face of the observed, it is necessary to use crowded streets and intersections, wholesale markets, public transport, etc., since in these places this can be done unnoticed by the object. If a meeting with the object is inevitable, then it is necessary to avoid even momentary eye contact with the object. Such things are very easy to remember.
During the work, the observer must maintain an imperturbable expression on his face and feign indifference. When moving on foot, the ES team can move in a network, some in front, others along parallel streets and alleys, through courtyards, maintaining contact with the car and with each other. If the target starts to get nervous and constantly looks around, it is necessary to carefully analyze why this is happening: either he has a meeting scheduled at the moment and prefers to play it safe, or he has discovered the NN. In the first case, it is recommended to continue surveillance, increasing camouflage measures, in the second, temporarily remove surveillance from the target.
Having brought the object to a residential building, it is necessary to examine its yard - does it have several exits and, if so, to block them all. The following observations may serve as signs of the object's return home: confident orientation on the ground, knowledge of the numbers of the combination lock on the entrance door, taking out the trash, going out for groceries, etc. If such facts are not noted, then sometimes it is possible to start a cautious conversation with pensioners at the entrance under a plausible pretext (especially in apartment buildings, where the probability of deciphering is low) in order to obtain additional information. Having found out the places visited by HE, it is necessary to firmly remember, and at the first convenient opportunity write down: time of stay, arrival and departure, street, house number, if possible, then the apartment.
Accompanying the object of observation when visiting places of mass attendance
When visiting an organization or institution, the detective accompanies the target around the building only if there is no possibility of visual contact through the glass of windows and doors. If the target uses an elevator, the detective should not ride in the same elevator with the target, since there is a high probability that the target will remember the observer's appearance. Having determined the elevator floor by the sign, it is necessary to go up one floor higher or lower to search for the target and subsequently monitor him. In order to exclude the possibility of the target escaping surveillance, the remaining members of the ES team carry out visual control of all exits from the building. When visiting a restaurant or cafe, surveillance is carried out by one ES employee or a married couple. It is better to enter the premises together with other visitors and, under their cover, get your bearings, assess the layout of the premises, choose and take a position convenient for surveillance. If the target entered only to eat, it is best to simply leave the premises; if the target is clearly waiting for someone, then, having ordered several dishes to justify your presence, it is necessary to continue surveillance of the target and his interlocutor. You should avoid talking to visitors who happen to be at the same table.
It is better to pay the bill in advance, so as not to attract the attention of the target and the service staff with your unexpected departure. Having noticed that the target is about to leave, you need to calmly finish eating, calmly stand up and also calmly leave. If HE is still in the cafe or restaurant, it is especially important not to rush off after him. When working in pairs, overt gestures towards the target and words like "he's leaving, let's go" are extremely unacceptable. For psychological preparation of departure, a calmly spoken phrase will do: "Isn't it time to go home?" - They are waiting for us at home", etc., so that random neighbors do not suspect anything.
After leaving, the subject is usually handed over to other members of the security team, and the "exposed" detectives are removed from further observation in order to exclude the possibility of the subject deciphering the security. When conducting security events at railway, river and sea terminals and at airports, the security team must appear at the scene no later than an hour before the departure of the train, ship or plane and no later than half an hour before their arrival. In this case, security is carried out by one or two detectives in the maximum proximity to the subject, the remaining members of the security team monitor the available entrances and exits.
In the event of an unexpected departure of the subject, the detectives accompanying him must contact the management or the customer by telephone or telegraph at the first opportunity. The use of unified mobile communication systems in various cities makes it possible to significantly simplify this process.
Accompanying the object of surveillance in public transport
When using public transport (bus, trolleybus or tram), surveillance is conducted by one detective, who monitors the actions of the target and informs the vehicle with the rest of the ES team via mobile phone. During the trip, it is necessary to determine whether the target is observing those who get on and off the transport after him. If the target pays attention to this, then for reasons of possible decoding, further pursuit is carried out in the ES team vehicle or in a taxi, carefully observing when the target gets on or leaves the vehicle.
In the metro, it is more expedient to use two people, one of whom is in the same car with the ES target, the other in the adjacent car.
Escorting an object of observation traveling by rail or air transport
To accompany an object traveling by rail or air, at least two detectives are used. Only in this case can the success of the events be ensured and unwanted accidents (loss of the object, decoding of the detective, etc.) be eliminated. If the object is not experiencing external anxiety, then it is advisable for the detectives to sit with him in the same carriage (in different compartments), take a comfortable position and conduct surveillance from there. The location of the object must be established very carefully, and if it is impossible to obtain this information, it is necessary to buy a ticket to the final station.
On the plane, one detective should take a position near the exit, and the other - at the end of the cabin. On the way, one detective is awake, the other is resting. When approaching each station or stopover, it is necessary to very carefully check whether the object is going to leave the vehicle. Upon arrival of the object at the location, one of the detectives is obliged to inform the management or the customer about the point of his location in encrypted form by long-distance telephone or telegraph.
When detectives arrive in a new city, they must study it in the first free hours, i.e. buy a map, public transport routes, learn the streets, public places, location of railway, sea and bus stations, airports, get transport schedules.
In connection with the changed environment, it is necessary to change your appearance accordingly. If the clothes taken on the road are very different from the generally accepted in this area, it is necessary to buy new ones, preferably used, but not too worn. A person dressed from head to toe in completely new clothes always arouses suspicion.
In the event of loss of the object, one of the detectives continues to search for him in places that he often visited before, and the other tries to find traces of his departure from the city at railway stations and airports.
Accompanying the object of surveillance when he uses motor transport ES behind the object moving in a motor vehicle requires detectives to remain invisible to him (and preferably to everyone else), without violating traffic rules. This is a very difficult task, especially when the target is familiar with the methods of detecting the ES and uses them to break away from it, for this purpose several cars are usually used. In order not to be seen by the HE, various methods of camouflage are possible, either the ES car lagging behind, or moving along parallel streets and alleys, or using passageways.
When moving along a highway, the following scheme of observation of the object is used: one of the ES vehicles moves ahead of the object, another one at some distance from it (but at a distance of visual control) and one more ES vehicle closes the chain. When the object stops, the ES vehicle pursuing it passes by via radio communication, warning its colleagues about the stop of the object and transferring it to them for observation. The same thing happens when the speed of the object under observation increases sharply. The functions of the observer are transferred to the vehicle in front.
When pursuing an object along a highway by one vehicle along the entire route, it is recommended to equip the vehicle of the object of observation with a radio beacon.
Vehicles used for external surveillance
The vehicles used in conducting surveillance must facilitate the execution of the assigned task without attracting attention from the surveillance team. Therefore, it is preferable to use domestic cars in surveillance work, as they attract less attention from both the surveillance target and street onlookers and pensioners in the courtyards of houses. The optimal choice for work in urban conditions is the VAZ-2106. The car should be neutral in color and not stand out in the traffic flow or in the parking lot. In urban conditions, the most unremarkable color of vehicles is gray or beige, and in addition, at night, cars of such colors blend very well with the general background. In summer, in areas with a large number of green spaces, it is advisable to use dark green and dark blue cars. In extreme cases, it is permissible to use vehicles of calm pastel colors. It is absolutely unacceptable to use AT vehicles in red, orange, yellow, white and similar tones, as well as tones that are particularly fashionable this season.
It is necessary to get rid of all kinds of car decorations (stickers, emblems, toys and colorful curtains on the windows), non-standard elements of the car trim and large, eye-catching antennas.
The AT vehicle used must be clean and have no dents, there should be no scratches or chips on the body. The use of vehicles with putty stains is strictly prohibited. The technical condition of the car is a subject of a separate discussion. Before leaving for a AT mission, the vehicle must be carefully inspected, the brakes, battery, availability of a spare wheel and the necessary set of tools checked. An important and integral attribute is a car first aid kit. Before using a car in an AT event, it is necessary to find out its maximum speed, braking distance, minimum turning radius, fuel consumption, etc. Before each operation, a thorough check of the technical condition of the vehicle is required.
Technical means for conducting external surveillance
When conducting ES, various technical means are used. These include:
Such technical means are used both in household execution (using equipment that is sold in regular stores attracts less attention from others) and in special (camouflaged) execution (binoculars with a built-in camera, hidden television cameras, etc.). In order to conduct surveillance of mobile vehicles, for example, the route of cars, radio beacons can be hidden in them, allowing the surveillance team to determine the distance to the observed vehicle or, using direction-finding devices, to determine the location with a certain degree of accuracy.
Analytical processing of external surveillance
The data obtained as a result of conducting ES should be recorded in the observation log during stationary observation and in the reports on the work done during observation of a moving object. The information obtained should be appropriately sorted, systematized and analyzed. The main purpose of all analytical methods is to process the collected information, establish relationships and identify cause-and-effect relationships of the collected facts and phenomena for the final report on the work done.
It is advisable to attach photographs, video materials, connection diagrams, OO contact matrices, time graphs and graphs for analyzing visual observations and evaluating the results to the already collected information array of observation results. To speed up the procedure of analytical processing of information, it is advisable to use computer technology and summarize the observation results in electronic databases.
In the absence of technology, "manual" analysis is possible.
Associative graphs use numbers, tables and geometric figures to demonstrate the connections between the object of observation and its potentially possible and actual contactees. With the help of association diagrams, areas of business and personal interests of the HE are identified - hobbies, sports, cultural interests, environment, places of residence and visits with the same persons (vehicles) at different points of the route.
2. IDENTIFICATION OF EXTERNAL SURVEILLANCE
Detection of security incidents is carried out by carefully studying the surrounding environment, with an emphasis on repeated encounters with the same persons (vehicles) at different points along the route.
You should strive to ensure that your perception of the surrounding environment gradually becomes automatic, automatically recording any suspicious fact: an unfamiliar car in a familiar alley, a person who seems to be reading a newspaper, but does not pay any attention to it, a woman in a pay phone booth talking to someone without dialing a number and at the same time carefully watching the entrance opposite. Very often, security incidents are conducted not only behind the doors of your entrance or the entrance to the institution where you work, but also behind your windows, i.e. you are just starting to put on your coat, and the security team is already waiting for you to show up from the entrance.
Detection of security incidents can be rough and soft. The rough style of detecting surveillance is characterized by regular tying of shoelaces, periodic inspection of what is happening behind the back by constantly glancing back, as well as sudden contacts with persons conducting surveillance. Persons conducting surveillance, especially if they are not professionals, are characterized by stiffness of movements, anxiety, a desire not to meet the gaze of the object of surveillance, the use of means of operational communication (radio stations, mobile phones), unnatural movements and attempts to hide behind cover or people.
When conducting surveillance, changing the lower part of clothing (for men - socks, shoes, trousers, for women - tights, shoes, skirts) is significantly complicated, which also makes it possible to decipher possible surveillance. Unjustified long presence of people in vehicles without apparent reason and their violation of traffic rules may also indicate that you are being watched.
However, before you come to a firm conviction that you are being followed, you need to follow two simple rules. First, you need to realistically assess such a thing as the degree of probability of surveillance and try to analyze the purpose of its implementation and the probable customers.
Second, you will need to recheck your hypothesis about the surveillance being conducted on you. Only after comparing the hypothesis with the supposed and discovered additional observations, facts and little facts will you be able to assert with some reliability that you are really being followed. Detecting ES while walking, like everything related to ensuring your safety, requires a creative approach.
"Soft" detection of external surveillance
Detecting a TIN while walking, like everything related to ensuring your safety, requires a creative approach. First of all, you need to carefully develop a verification route and a legend confirming its justification, i.e. each point of your route should be somehow tied to your official duties and business interests, personal needs and requirements. Any illogical deviations from your regular schedule (if you stick to it) can arouse certain suspicions in your pursuers and force them to act more subtly and carefully, which significantly complicates the task of identifying a TIN. To prevent this from happening, try to avoid stereotypes in your behavior, vary the time you leave home, do not use the same road every day when going to and from work.
In order to check yourself thoroughly and at the same time complicate the conduct of a TIN, you need to develop several routes of movement. Detecting a TIN on a short route and in a short period of time is quite difficult. The optimal time for a quality check varies from an hour to an hour and a half. The movement along the selected route on foot should be combined with boarding public transport. The latter serves two purposes: firstly, you make your pursuers nervous for fear of losing you in the crush and, secondly, by developing a route, choosing streets with heavy traffic, you complicate the coordination of their actions.
In large cities where there is a subway, it is very effective to use it to evade ES. As a rule, the surveillance team is divided into two parts: one or two people accompany the ES object on foot, the others are in a vehicle and follow the object in it. The members of the ES team, who are in the car, coordinate their actions with colleagues via radio communication, trying to arrive at the specified point ahead of time. Therefore, the route of movement by metro should be chosen in such a way as to use those lines that pass under water, streets and avenues with heavy traffic and frequent traffic jams. With the right choice of route, the ES team car is inferior to the metro trains in efficiency. The ES team is disunited and scattered around the city. At this point, you can use a pre-prepared surprise to escape surveillance. Cutting off the ES team's vehicle is also possible using such a tactical technique as walking along a street with one-way oncoming traffic. While the vehicle with the ES team is looking for a detour, you are left alone with the observer, which significantly facilitates both the detection of the ES and the escape from it.
A very effective technique is crossing to the opposite side of the street. This technique shows especially high results in places with a small number of passers-by.
The testing method is quite simple. Moving along a predetermined route, you approach the edge of the sidewalk that touches the roadway and turn towards the approaching traffic with the quite understandable goal of examining the roadway in order to make sure that it is safe to cross the street. For three to five seconds, you can calmly examine the street, as well as the people who have come into your field of vision. It is recommended that you remember them all, so that when you next see them, you can judge their true interest in you by the frequency of repetition. A technique using a pay phone is widely used to identify NN. Moving along the street, you go into a phone booth and, dialing a number, casually glance at the path you have taken, remembering all the most significant things there. The most effective way to use pay phones is to locate them immediately around the corner of a building or inside its arch.
When planning your test route, choose several sections of the route where you would pass by shop windows and kiosks in such a way that they would mirror the direction of your movement. In this case, you can, without arousing suspicion, examine the contents of the counters and simultaneously observe the actions of the people following you.
Often, shops are located on a certain elevation and in order to get there, you have to climb the steps facing the opposite direction from your initial movement. Here, too, there are plenty of opportunities to check for a tail. The shops themselves also represent an excellent opportunity to detect surveillance. Moving from department to department, from counter to counter, punching a check at the cash register, there are plenty of opportunities to change the direction of movement and visually assess the people walking towards you. Entrances to shops located in gateways or corners of buildings can be used with great effect. your sudden disappearance there makes your pursuers nervous, and as a result, reveal themselves, for example, by accelerating their pace, rushing about the street without reason, unceremoniously looking at passers-by.
You, being in a shelter, have the opportunity to correctly identify the surveillance being conducted on you through windows or glass doors. I would like to dwell separately on identifying ES in public transport.
It is recommended to enter public transport (tram, bus, trolleybus) from the back platform, and it is better to stay there during the entire subsequent trip, in order not only to visually monitor the entire interior of the vehicle, but also to have the opportunity to monitor the transport moving parallel to your route.
Usually, the person conducting surveillance also enters from the back platform and tries to take a position behind your back in order to exclude the possibility of losing sight of you, especially during stops.
While in public transport, without attracting attention to yourself, carefully assess the situation. Remember, when ensuring your own safety, there are no trifles, because as old Muller said, "a small lie gives rise to great suspicions." Persons conducting surveillance, due to professional specifics, avoid not only direct glances, but also any visual contact with the object of surveillance. If someone fundamentally does not want to meet your gaze and hides his eyes at any turn in his direction, take note of this and, having double-checked the information received, act according to the developing situation.
Identifying possible external surveillance during counter-surveillance
Counter-surveillance is the most effective method of detecting someone else's external surveillance. The meaning of counter-surveillance is to place visual surveillance control posts (VSC) at certain checkpoints along the route of the counter-surveillance object (CSO). The VSC post must be appropriately covered and disguised. The optimal cover for it is the entrances of nearby houses, shops, cafes, cars. Observers must take up their positions 30-40 minutes before the counter-surveillance object passes the designated checkpoint of the route and leave them 30-40 minutes after it passes. During counter-surveillance, all discrepancies in the appearance and behavior of people and vehicles in the visual control zone of the post, signs of surveillance from nearby buildings and structures, vehicles with one or more passengers leaving the visual control zone immediately after passing the CSO must be recorded.
When conducting counter-surveillance activities, for example, to monitor possible ES on the part of criminal structures against the management of a company, it is recommended to pay attention to the presence of a large number of hats, excess outerwear, thermoses and wide-necked vessels in parked vehicles. It is also necessary to carefully observe the curtained windows of nearby buildings in order to detect NN, photo and video filming from them.
"Going to the Bottom"
There are cases when, for the sake of personal safety, it is necessary to break away from the strict control of criminal groups. "Going under" means completely preventing the criminal group from receiving any information about the object of pursuit. At the preliminary stage, it is necessary to carefully analyze who, how, and with what activity will look for you and, based on this data, develop a way to escape surveillance and a pattern of behavior in the future.
In the simplest case, this is a simple relocation to another place of residence, in no way connected with past contacts and biography. It is characterized by an abrupt interruption of all personal and business contacts maintained until this time, a mandatory change in appearance (hairstyle, glasses, growing or shaving off a mustache and beard, eliminating old and acquiring new habits and passions). Some psychological aspects of neutralizing possible external surveillance
Most people, finding themselves in an unfamiliar environment, experience mental discomfort, which they try to relieve by communicating with a random fellow traveler or a neighbor in a hotel room. Frank conversations with strangers are fraught with the most unexpected consequences, because fellow travelers and neighbors may not be who they claim to be. Very often, "casual" acquaintances are quite clearly planned and organized. There can only be one piece of advice here - caution, caution and once again caution.
The next psychological moment that facilitates the conduct of ES is the formation of stable habits and stereotypes in people. In many cases, we move along familiar terrain as if on autopilot, very often not noticing what is happening around us. Time and routes of movement should change regularly. The workday routine should be carefully legended. And in general, the more unusual and unpredictable actions in a person's behavior, the more difficult the tasks of external surveillance become.
To obtain preliminary information, phone calls can be made on behalf of acquaintances at home, at work, to colleagues and friends who are informed about your daily routine.
The tasks solved as a result of conducting ES activities may be different: determining the circle of communication of the observed person, identifying his inclinations and interests, establishing the size and sources of income received, studying the work schedule, routes, security system and the level of professionalism of its employees, recording various phenomena (acts, events, facts and processes).
ES can be conducted visually or with the use of optical devices and technical means. The intensity of ES, depending on the tasks set, can be different: one-time, selective, periodic, preventive and continuous. ES can be conducted covertly (to obtain information about the object of observation) and demonstratively (with the aim of exerting a negative impact on the emotional state of the object). ES is carried out behind stationary and moving objects, in the latter case ES can be pursuing (i.e. moving after the object) and oncoming (from observation posts set up in advance at convenient points along the object's route for observation). At a great distance or when it is impossible to approach the object, special technical means are used to organize NN.
Reasons for the detection of ES by the criminal:
- The criminals carried out counter-surveillance activities, which included patrolling the contact zone, numerical superiority and early detection of force cover, followed by simultaneous and coordinated actions to neutralize the threat factor
- Most likely, the police used a regular non-quartz radio bug to monitor the conversation between the target and the criminals, which can be easily detected by a standard AR-3000 scanning receiver, which costs between $1,000 and $1,500 in various configurations.
- Insufficient camouflage and qualifications of the staff conducting external surveillance.
- The small size of the cover group and its placement in only one place, i.e. simultaneously covering both the contacted object and its own colleague.
One of the most important tasks of surveillance is to establish connections with the surveillance object. When an object is contacted, the contactee's appearance and clothing are initially remembered, the nature of the meeting is assessed (accidental, by prior arrangement, official, personal, etc.), the initiator of the meeting is identified, the subject and duration of the conversation are determined - all this is described in detail in the report on the work done. The identity of the surveillance object's connections is established at their place of residence and place of work. Usually, these activities are carried out by one or two detectives acting under the cover of utility and repair services, employees of pension funds, commercial agents or a sociological survey group.
Information is collected from neighbors on the landing and in the garage, from women of retirement age near the entrance to their home, colleagues at work, employees of utility services and housing offices.
It is strictly forbidden to cover surveillance activities with the actions of state law enforcement agencies and special services. The surveillance process is very complex, as it requires significant effort and resources. NN, as a rule, is carried out purposefully, covertly, in the right place, at a certain time, by people specially trained for this.
1. CONDUCTING EXTERNAL SURVEILLANCE (ES)
Detective and surveillance team. Equipment. Methods of camouflage ES can be carried out either by an individual detective or by a group of several people. We will conventionally call a group of detectives who jointly carry out ES activities a ES team.
A ES team usually consists of three or four people and a car assigned to them. It is desirable that each team member has a driver's license and driving skills. This is useful in many cases: firstly, it expands operational capabilities, since it allows surveillance to be carried out by the entire team, replacing the driver in shifts; secondly, it insures against various accidents from a fly in the eye to a sudden attack of appendicitis.
Upon detection of an object, all members of the ES team, including the driver, must visually familiarize themselves with it. In case of strict resource constraints, it is possible to use a pair of detectives equipped with a vehicle. Working alone is fraught with the rapid deciphering of the surveillance being conducted by the object or its environment, however, when there is no other way out, one must be content with what is available.
As has already been said above, the most important task when conducting surveillance is to prevent the detective from being deciphered. The detective should not attract the attention of the people around him, therefore, the use of eye-catching and eye-catching clothes is excluded. The wardrobe used should be changed regularly, especially the upper part - jackets, raincoats, coats, hats. The detective must have a supply of clothes of various styles and colors. A car can be used as a wardrobe, having first taken measures to camouflage the clothes stored in it. It is strictly forbidden to store several hats at the same time near the rear window, especially when there is only one person in the car at a time.
A good disguise is the use of women in surveillance, both alone and in a pair with a man. In these cases, the ES team works under a "legend" - "married couple" or "lovers".
To conduct ES activities, the detective must be appropriately equipped. Conducting ES is a fairly time-consuming process fraught with various turns of events. In this regard, it is necessary to take care in advance of the availability of food and drinks, first aid supplies, a driver's license, an ID card, a map of the area, a pen, a notepad, spare film, video cassettes, money, means of communication and spare batteries.
Sometimes during the process of conducting ES it is quite difficult to leave the car for reasons of camouflage to relieve oneself; for such a case, it is advisable to have a vessel with a wide neck and a tightly closing lid.
Since several transfers from one mode of transport to another are possible during surveillance of the subject, the detective must have a single travel ticket for all modes of transport and some cash in small bills. In addition, it is advisable to have a large reserve sum for unforeseen expenses, for example, for visiting a restaurant with the subject or accompanying him on a train or plane. Although a significant part of the work can be done in a car, the detective conducting surveillance has to walk a lot in any weather. Therefore, the shoes used must be good quality, durable and comfortable. In no case is it permissible to go to a surveillance event in new, unbroken shoes. For surveillance, people with unremarkable faces typical for a given area are used, without characteristic identification marks: scars, warts or moles. To conduct high-quality surveillance, you need an excellent memory, iron patience, good hearing, full vision, instant reaction, the ability to improvise and navigate in any situation, including critical ones.
The age from 25 to 50 years is most effective, since younger people do not have sufficient life experience and can commit ill-considered actions leading to decoding of surveillance in front of the object. People over 50 lose their reaction speed, have health problems and can hardly master new operational equipment.
A detective conducting surveillance must be in good health, since conducting such events involves many hours outdoors in any weather. The most important rule of conducting surveillance is to immediately stop surveillance when it is decoded by the SN or his entourage. Setting the task for the outdoor surveillance team Immediately before conducting a surveillance event, the senior member of the surveillance team is obliged to conduct a 10-15-minute briefing. During this time, he must clearly and distinctly explain the local purpose of the operation (for example, to take the object under surveillance when leaving work and escort him to his place of residence). The strategic goals of the operation, i.e. what is its focus and what is the purpose of the collected facts, are contraindicated for the surveillance team to know due to a possible information leak.
Next, the senior must set the task for each member of the team, explain the procedure for interaction and actions in critical situations, point out past shortcomings in work and formulate measures to prevent them. The senior also stipulates the mode of radio and visual communication between the members of the surveillance team. The senior of the surveillance team must necessarily clarify the surveillance schedule: the round-the-clock surveillance post can be three- or four-shift. The most optimal is a 6-hour work schedule.
The members of the ES team must be familiar with the verbal portrait and photograph (if there is none, then it is necessary to covertly photograph the object from different directions during the NN), a description of the appearance and habits of the observed.
Preliminary study of the object's route is extremely important. Particular attention must be paid to passageways, through roads, locations of nearby stores and markets, traffic lights and dead ends. The more thoroughly the preliminary study of the area is carried out, the fewer surprises there will be in further work.
The briefing ends with the agreement on the time and place of the ES team's assembly, as well as the method of delivery of operational equipment and people to the place where the ES activities are being carried out.
Types of outdoor surveillance
Surveillance from stationary positions is used to monitor a specific area, individual buildings, organizations, enterprises, objects or persons that are not in motion.
Standard tasks of surveillance from stationary positions:
- identifying visitors to a building or structure of interest;
- intercept a wanted person;
- to develop a given building or structure to carry out a specific operation.
At the preliminary stage of organizing ES from stationary positions it is necessary to find out:
- all possible routes of approach of the ES object to the observation site, including hidden and little-used ones;
- possible promising ways for the object to escape observation and places of its possible appearance or hidden location;
- the temporary schedule of the building's residents (if it is a residential building) or the work schedule of the employees (if it is an office building);
- the schedule of movement of nearby transport and its parking location;
- time of regular sound signals (factory whistles, the noise of a passing train, the ringing of church bells, etc.);
- the internal layout of nearby buildings and structures.
The internal layout of nearby buildings and structures can be determined in the following ways:
- looking into windows and doors;
- by entering the place of interest under the guise of a visitor, service personnel, or repair service employee (having the appropriate cover documents);
- orientation can be based on previously surveyed similar buildings and structures; all deviations from the standard model project must be identified in advance;
- by studying drawings from the archives of the local BTI or municipal architectural department (office);
- by surveying residents, service personnel, builders, visitors, etc.
In order to obtain better results during surveillance, it is mandatory to record in the observation log everything that happens in the observer's area of responsibility, and, if necessary, take photographs or film them.
Stationary surveillance posts should be located in places where their long-term presence is understandable and at the same time it is possible to control all approaches to the object. These may be: car parks, cafes, restaurants, shops, apartments rented to fictitious persons, newspaper and food stalls, public transport stops, company offices, etc.
Surveillance can be carried out by one person, and if surveillance capabilities are significantly limited, then a surveillance team of 3-4 employees should be used. Since the long presence of detectives may arouse suspicion, after a while they should be replaced by surveillance colleagues who are nearby (but out of the surveillance zone). If the covert location of observers is associated with certain difficulties, then it is necessary to resort to surveillance from a car (with only one person allowed in the car) or to simulating its breakdown with subsequent repair. When observing from inside, it is recommended to cover the windows with light curtains and conduct ES from the depth of the room. In order not to be detected by sharp unmasking glare of the optics used, it is necessary to use so-called "light tunnels".
Accompanying the object of observation while moving on foot
Mobile surveillance usually involves four to six people or 1-2 surveillance teams. ES is conducted in such a way that only one observer is always in the immediate vicinity of the object. In addition to performing his immediate tasks of keeping the object in the zone of visual contact, his duties include informing the ES team of the position of the object. Communication with the team is carried out using gestures, body position, hands, actions and radio communication. The use of radio communication equipment should be as covert as possible. Communication equipment should be switched to vibration mode (i.e. tone mode), the use of sound call signals should be reduced as much as possible.
The signs used in ES as a code, as an example, may look like this:
- "the object is standing" - arms crossed behind the back;
- "the object turned left" - the left hand rests on the left thigh;
- "the object turned right" - the right hand rests on the right thigh;
- "the object crosses the street" - a half turn to the side with one arm bent at the chest;
- "the object turned around and goes in the opposite direction" - one hand is raised to the head;
- "the object is out of control" - both hands rise to the head;
- "I need to be replaced" - a close look at the watch with mock surprise.
The detective conducting surveillance of the person who is the object of surveillance must first find out the subject's place of residence and their daily routine. It is best to dictate the subject's behavior, contacts, numbers of cars used, their route, train schedules, etc. into a dictaphone, and then transcribe and record them on electronic or paper media.
The position chosen for surveillance of the subject's home should be, if possible, closed, i.e. not conspicuous to them. Parks, entrances to houses, buildings of institutions and organizations (especially with many visitors) are suitable for this. Outdoor cafes are especially convenient, where, having sat down by the window or having chosen a table on the street, you can calmly wait for the appearance of the subject of surveillance.
If detectives act in pairs, then while waiting for the subject to exit, it is necessary to position themselves as follows: one detective is positioned facing the place where the subject exits, and the other - with his back. It is possible to imitate a business conversation. Such a position allows one detective to relax and rest a little, while the second conducts surveillance.
If it is impossible to sit or stand nearby without attracting attention, one of the detectives can move around the location of the object, stopping along the way under various pretexts: looking at shop windows, talking to sellers at stalls, etc.
If this is also impossible for some reason, then it is necessary to take positions at both ends of the street and take the object under observation as it moves in one direction. When the object appears in the observation zone, it is necessary to remain calm and balanced; sudden movements are under no circumstances allowed. If the object does not notice the detective conducting the observation when leaving, it is advisable for the latter to try to hide somehow. If he has fallen into the object's field of vision, it is better not to change your position (if you are standing) or the pace and direction of movement (if you are moving) and hand the object over to another detective. The pursuit of the object should begin only when it has moved far away or disappeared around the corner.
Further pursuit is carried out without fuss and haste. The optimal position for observing an object while moving on foot is considered to be positioned behind the SN, which provides complete freedom of action. Only one person moves directly behind the object, the rest of the SN team are positioned behind in the form of an extended chain, with each of the subsequent ones orienting themselves according to the previous one. When working as part of the SN team, one of the detectives is obliged to move along the opposite side of the street parallel to the object, monitoring its possible turns at intersections and exits into passageways. This allows for better control of the object, preventing it from hiding at an intersection.
The distance from which observation is conducted depends on many factors. It can vary from 3-5 meters on busy streets or movement in a crowd, to 50-100 meters on sparsely populated and deserted streets, where it is enough to see the object from afar.
Movement after the object is carried out both on the same side of the street as the OS, and on the opposite side. The pace of movement of the observer should match the speed of movement of the object. When the OS turns a corner, the speed of movement accelerates. When working alone, in the case when the object is hiding around the corner of a house, you should not catch up with it by running, you need to cross to the opposite side of the street and speed up your step. If the OS cannot be found when coming out from behind the corner, then it is necessary to carefully analyze where the object could have hidden during the time when it was outside the visual control zone of the observer. Most often, these are shops, entrances, passageways, etc.
If the object is lost, the nearest area is covered by a gradually shrinking ring of members of the observation team. After detecting the object, the detectives gradually stretch out into a standard chain.
If the object has escaped observation, the places where the object may appear must be taken under control (the addresses of relatives, mistress, friends, regularly visited restaurants and cafes, place of work, etc.).
Following the object, the detective must be able to spot his object in a crowd: study his gait, characteristic movements, preferred routes of movement, etc. In order to carefully examine the face of the observed, it is necessary to use crowded streets and intersections, wholesale markets, public transport, etc., since in these places this can be done unnoticed by the object. If a meeting with the object is inevitable, then it is necessary to avoid even momentary eye contact with the object. Such things are very easy to remember.
During the work, the observer must maintain an imperturbable expression on his face and feign indifference. When moving on foot, the ES team can move in a network, some in front, others along parallel streets and alleys, through courtyards, maintaining contact with the car and with each other. If the target starts to get nervous and constantly looks around, it is necessary to carefully analyze why this is happening: either he has a meeting scheduled at the moment and prefers to play it safe, or he has discovered the NN. In the first case, it is recommended to continue surveillance, increasing camouflage measures, in the second, temporarily remove surveillance from the target.
Having brought the object to a residential building, it is necessary to examine its yard - does it have several exits and, if so, to block them all. The following observations may serve as signs of the object's return home: confident orientation on the ground, knowledge of the numbers of the combination lock on the entrance door, taking out the trash, going out for groceries, etc. If such facts are not noted, then sometimes it is possible to start a cautious conversation with pensioners at the entrance under a plausible pretext (especially in apartment buildings, where the probability of deciphering is low) in order to obtain additional information. Having found out the places visited by HE, it is necessary to firmly remember, and at the first convenient opportunity write down: time of stay, arrival and departure, street, house number, if possible, then the apartment.
Accompanying the object of observation when visiting places of mass attendance
When visiting an organization or institution, the detective accompanies the target around the building only if there is no possibility of visual contact through the glass of windows and doors. If the target uses an elevator, the detective should not ride in the same elevator with the target, since there is a high probability that the target will remember the observer's appearance. Having determined the elevator floor by the sign, it is necessary to go up one floor higher or lower to search for the target and subsequently monitor him. In order to exclude the possibility of the target escaping surveillance, the remaining members of the ES team carry out visual control of all exits from the building. When visiting a restaurant or cafe, surveillance is carried out by one ES employee or a married couple. It is better to enter the premises together with other visitors and, under their cover, get your bearings, assess the layout of the premises, choose and take a position convenient for surveillance. If the target entered only to eat, it is best to simply leave the premises; if the target is clearly waiting for someone, then, having ordered several dishes to justify your presence, it is necessary to continue surveillance of the target and his interlocutor. You should avoid talking to visitors who happen to be at the same table.
It is better to pay the bill in advance, so as not to attract the attention of the target and the service staff with your unexpected departure. Having noticed that the target is about to leave, you need to calmly finish eating, calmly stand up and also calmly leave. If HE is still in the cafe or restaurant, it is especially important not to rush off after him. When working in pairs, overt gestures towards the target and words like "he's leaving, let's go" are extremely unacceptable. For psychological preparation of departure, a calmly spoken phrase will do: "Isn't it time to go home?" - They are waiting for us at home", etc., so that random neighbors do not suspect anything.
After leaving, the subject is usually handed over to other members of the security team, and the "exposed" detectives are removed from further observation in order to exclude the possibility of the subject deciphering the security. When conducting security events at railway, river and sea terminals and at airports, the security team must appear at the scene no later than an hour before the departure of the train, ship or plane and no later than half an hour before their arrival. In this case, security is carried out by one or two detectives in the maximum proximity to the subject, the remaining members of the security team monitor the available entrances and exits.
In the event of an unexpected departure of the subject, the detectives accompanying him must contact the management or the customer by telephone or telegraph at the first opportunity. The use of unified mobile communication systems in various cities makes it possible to significantly simplify this process.
Accompanying the object of surveillance in public transport
When using public transport (bus, trolleybus or tram), surveillance is conducted by one detective, who monitors the actions of the target and informs the vehicle with the rest of the ES team via mobile phone. During the trip, it is necessary to determine whether the target is observing those who get on and off the transport after him. If the target pays attention to this, then for reasons of possible decoding, further pursuit is carried out in the ES team vehicle or in a taxi, carefully observing when the target gets on or leaves the vehicle.
In the metro, it is more expedient to use two people, one of whom is in the same car with the ES target, the other in the adjacent car.
Escorting an object of observation traveling by rail or air transport
To accompany an object traveling by rail or air, at least two detectives are used. Only in this case can the success of the events be ensured and unwanted accidents (loss of the object, decoding of the detective, etc.) be eliminated. If the object is not experiencing external anxiety, then it is advisable for the detectives to sit with him in the same carriage (in different compartments), take a comfortable position and conduct surveillance from there. The location of the object must be established very carefully, and if it is impossible to obtain this information, it is necessary to buy a ticket to the final station.
On the plane, one detective should take a position near the exit, and the other - at the end of the cabin. On the way, one detective is awake, the other is resting. When approaching each station or stopover, it is necessary to very carefully check whether the object is going to leave the vehicle. Upon arrival of the object at the location, one of the detectives is obliged to inform the management or the customer about the point of his location in encrypted form by long-distance telephone or telegraph.
When detectives arrive in a new city, they must study it in the first free hours, i.e. buy a map, public transport routes, learn the streets, public places, location of railway, sea and bus stations, airports, get transport schedules.
In connection with the changed environment, it is necessary to change your appearance accordingly. If the clothes taken on the road are very different from the generally accepted in this area, it is necessary to buy new ones, preferably used, but not too worn. A person dressed from head to toe in completely new clothes always arouses suspicion.
In the event of loss of the object, one of the detectives continues to search for him in places that he often visited before, and the other tries to find traces of his departure from the city at railway stations and airports.
Accompanying the object of surveillance when he uses motor transport ES behind the object moving in a motor vehicle requires detectives to remain invisible to him (and preferably to everyone else), without violating traffic rules. This is a very difficult task, especially when the target is familiar with the methods of detecting the ES and uses them to break away from it, for this purpose several cars are usually used. In order not to be seen by the HE, various methods of camouflage are possible, either the ES car lagging behind, or moving along parallel streets and alleys, or using passageways.
When moving along a highway, the following scheme of observation of the object is used: one of the ES vehicles moves ahead of the object, another one at some distance from it (but at a distance of visual control) and one more ES vehicle closes the chain. When the object stops, the ES vehicle pursuing it passes by via radio communication, warning its colleagues about the stop of the object and transferring it to them for observation. The same thing happens when the speed of the object under observation increases sharply. The functions of the observer are transferred to the vehicle in front.
When pursuing an object along a highway by one vehicle along the entire route, it is recommended to equip the vehicle of the object of observation with a radio beacon.
Vehicles used for external surveillance
The vehicles used in conducting surveillance must facilitate the execution of the assigned task without attracting attention from the surveillance team. Therefore, it is preferable to use domestic cars in surveillance work, as they attract less attention from both the surveillance target and street onlookers and pensioners in the courtyards of houses. The optimal choice for work in urban conditions is the VAZ-2106. The car should be neutral in color and not stand out in the traffic flow or in the parking lot. In urban conditions, the most unremarkable color of vehicles is gray or beige, and in addition, at night, cars of such colors blend very well with the general background. In summer, in areas with a large number of green spaces, it is advisable to use dark green and dark blue cars. In extreme cases, it is permissible to use vehicles of calm pastel colors. It is absolutely unacceptable to use AT vehicles in red, orange, yellow, white and similar tones, as well as tones that are particularly fashionable this season.
It is necessary to get rid of all kinds of car decorations (stickers, emblems, toys and colorful curtains on the windows), non-standard elements of the car trim and large, eye-catching antennas.
The AT vehicle used must be clean and have no dents, there should be no scratches or chips on the body. The use of vehicles with putty stains is strictly prohibited. The technical condition of the car is a subject of a separate discussion. Before leaving for a AT mission, the vehicle must be carefully inspected, the brakes, battery, availability of a spare wheel and the necessary set of tools checked. An important and integral attribute is a car first aid kit. Before using a car in an AT event, it is necessary to find out its maximum speed, braking distance, minimum turning radius, fuel consumption, etc. Before each operation, a thorough check of the technical condition of the vehicle is required.
Technical means for conducting external surveillance
When conducting ES, various technical means are used. These include:
- binoculars, optical sights, stereoscopic tubes and other visual observation systems that allow monitoring of the environment under normal lighting conditions within a certain visibility range;
- video surveillance systems;
- Infrared systems and night vision devices used in conditions of limited visibility or at night.
Such technical means are used both in household execution (using equipment that is sold in regular stores attracts less attention from others) and in special (camouflaged) execution (binoculars with a built-in camera, hidden television cameras, etc.). In order to conduct surveillance of mobile vehicles, for example, the route of cars, radio beacons can be hidden in them, allowing the surveillance team to determine the distance to the observed vehicle or, using direction-finding devices, to determine the location with a certain degree of accuracy.
Analytical processing of external surveillance
The data obtained as a result of conducting ES should be recorded in the observation log during stationary observation and in the reports on the work done during observation of a moving object. The information obtained should be appropriately sorted, systematized and analyzed. The main purpose of all analytical methods is to process the collected information, establish relationships and identify cause-and-effect relationships of the collected facts and phenomena for the final report on the work done.
It is advisable to attach photographs, video materials, connection diagrams, OO contact matrices, time graphs and graphs for analyzing visual observations and evaluating the results to the already collected information array of observation results. To speed up the procedure of analytical processing of information, it is advisable to use computer technology and summarize the observation results in electronic databases.
In the absence of technology, "manual" analysis is possible.
Associative graphs use numbers, tables and geometric figures to demonstrate the connections between the object of observation and its potentially possible and actual contactees. With the help of association diagrams, areas of business and personal interests of the HE are identified - hobbies, sports, cultural interests, environment, places of residence and visits with the same persons (vehicles) at different points of the route.
2. IDENTIFICATION OF EXTERNAL SURVEILLANCE
Detection of security incidents is carried out by carefully studying the surrounding environment, with an emphasis on repeated encounters with the same persons (vehicles) at different points along the route.
You should strive to ensure that your perception of the surrounding environment gradually becomes automatic, automatically recording any suspicious fact: an unfamiliar car in a familiar alley, a person who seems to be reading a newspaper, but does not pay any attention to it, a woman in a pay phone booth talking to someone without dialing a number and at the same time carefully watching the entrance opposite. Very often, security incidents are conducted not only behind the doors of your entrance or the entrance to the institution where you work, but also behind your windows, i.e. you are just starting to put on your coat, and the security team is already waiting for you to show up from the entrance.
Detection of security incidents can be rough and soft. The rough style of detecting surveillance is characterized by regular tying of shoelaces, periodic inspection of what is happening behind the back by constantly glancing back, as well as sudden contacts with persons conducting surveillance. Persons conducting surveillance, especially if they are not professionals, are characterized by stiffness of movements, anxiety, a desire not to meet the gaze of the object of surveillance, the use of means of operational communication (radio stations, mobile phones), unnatural movements and attempts to hide behind cover or people.
When conducting surveillance, changing the lower part of clothing (for men - socks, shoes, trousers, for women - tights, shoes, skirts) is significantly complicated, which also makes it possible to decipher possible surveillance. Unjustified long presence of people in vehicles without apparent reason and their violation of traffic rules may also indicate that you are being watched.
However, before you come to a firm conviction that you are being followed, you need to follow two simple rules. First, you need to realistically assess such a thing as the degree of probability of surveillance and try to analyze the purpose of its implementation and the probable customers.
Second, you will need to recheck your hypothesis about the surveillance being conducted on you. Only after comparing the hypothesis with the supposed and discovered additional observations, facts and little facts will you be able to assert with some reliability that you are really being followed. Detecting ES while walking, like everything related to ensuring your safety, requires a creative approach.
"Soft" detection of external surveillance
Detecting a TIN while walking, like everything related to ensuring your safety, requires a creative approach. First of all, you need to carefully develop a verification route and a legend confirming its justification, i.e. each point of your route should be somehow tied to your official duties and business interests, personal needs and requirements. Any illogical deviations from your regular schedule (if you stick to it) can arouse certain suspicions in your pursuers and force them to act more subtly and carefully, which significantly complicates the task of identifying a TIN. To prevent this from happening, try to avoid stereotypes in your behavior, vary the time you leave home, do not use the same road every day when going to and from work.
In order to check yourself thoroughly and at the same time complicate the conduct of a TIN, you need to develop several routes of movement. Detecting a TIN on a short route and in a short period of time is quite difficult. The optimal time for a quality check varies from an hour to an hour and a half. The movement along the selected route on foot should be combined with boarding public transport. The latter serves two purposes: firstly, you make your pursuers nervous for fear of losing you in the crush and, secondly, by developing a route, choosing streets with heavy traffic, you complicate the coordination of their actions.
In large cities where there is a subway, it is very effective to use it to evade ES. As a rule, the surveillance team is divided into two parts: one or two people accompany the ES object on foot, the others are in a vehicle and follow the object in it. The members of the ES team, who are in the car, coordinate their actions with colleagues via radio communication, trying to arrive at the specified point ahead of time. Therefore, the route of movement by metro should be chosen in such a way as to use those lines that pass under water, streets and avenues with heavy traffic and frequent traffic jams. With the right choice of route, the ES team car is inferior to the metro trains in efficiency. The ES team is disunited and scattered around the city. At this point, you can use a pre-prepared surprise to escape surveillance. Cutting off the ES team's vehicle is also possible using such a tactical technique as walking along a street with one-way oncoming traffic. While the vehicle with the ES team is looking for a detour, you are left alone with the observer, which significantly facilitates both the detection of the ES and the escape from it.
A very effective technique is crossing to the opposite side of the street. This technique shows especially high results in places with a small number of passers-by.
The testing method is quite simple. Moving along a predetermined route, you approach the edge of the sidewalk that touches the roadway and turn towards the approaching traffic with the quite understandable goal of examining the roadway in order to make sure that it is safe to cross the street. For three to five seconds, you can calmly examine the street, as well as the people who have come into your field of vision. It is recommended that you remember them all, so that when you next see them, you can judge their true interest in you by the frequency of repetition. A technique using a pay phone is widely used to identify NN. Moving along the street, you go into a phone booth and, dialing a number, casually glance at the path you have taken, remembering all the most significant things there. The most effective way to use pay phones is to locate them immediately around the corner of a building or inside its arch.
When planning your test route, choose several sections of the route where you would pass by shop windows and kiosks in such a way that they would mirror the direction of your movement. In this case, you can, without arousing suspicion, examine the contents of the counters and simultaneously observe the actions of the people following you.
Often, shops are located on a certain elevation and in order to get there, you have to climb the steps facing the opposite direction from your initial movement. Here, too, there are plenty of opportunities to check for a tail. The shops themselves also represent an excellent opportunity to detect surveillance. Moving from department to department, from counter to counter, punching a check at the cash register, there are plenty of opportunities to change the direction of movement and visually assess the people walking towards you. Entrances to shops located in gateways or corners of buildings can be used with great effect. your sudden disappearance there makes your pursuers nervous, and as a result, reveal themselves, for example, by accelerating their pace, rushing about the street without reason, unceremoniously looking at passers-by.
You, being in a shelter, have the opportunity to correctly identify the surveillance being conducted on you through windows or glass doors. I would like to dwell separately on identifying ES in public transport.
It is recommended to enter public transport (tram, bus, trolleybus) from the back platform, and it is better to stay there during the entire subsequent trip, in order not only to visually monitor the entire interior of the vehicle, but also to have the opportunity to monitor the transport moving parallel to your route.
Usually, the person conducting surveillance also enters from the back platform and tries to take a position behind your back in order to exclude the possibility of losing sight of you, especially during stops.
While in public transport, without attracting attention to yourself, carefully assess the situation. Remember, when ensuring your own safety, there are no trifles, because as old Muller said, "a small lie gives rise to great suspicions." Persons conducting surveillance, due to professional specifics, avoid not only direct glances, but also any visual contact with the object of surveillance. If someone fundamentally does not want to meet your gaze and hides his eyes at any turn in his direction, take note of this and, having double-checked the information received, act according to the developing situation.
Identifying possible external surveillance during counter-surveillance
Counter-surveillance is the most effective method of detecting someone else's external surveillance. The meaning of counter-surveillance is to place visual surveillance control posts (VSC) at certain checkpoints along the route of the counter-surveillance object (CSO). The VSC post must be appropriately covered and disguised. The optimal cover for it is the entrances of nearby houses, shops, cafes, cars. Observers must take up their positions 30-40 minutes before the counter-surveillance object passes the designated checkpoint of the route and leave them 30-40 minutes after it passes. During counter-surveillance, all discrepancies in the appearance and behavior of people and vehicles in the visual control zone of the post, signs of surveillance from nearby buildings and structures, vehicles with one or more passengers leaving the visual control zone immediately after passing the CSO must be recorded.
When conducting counter-surveillance activities, for example, to monitor possible ES on the part of criminal structures against the management of a company, it is recommended to pay attention to the presence of a large number of hats, excess outerwear, thermoses and wide-necked vessels in parked vehicles. It is also necessary to carefully observe the curtained windows of nearby buildings in order to detect NN, photo and video filming from them.
"Going to the Bottom"
There are cases when, for the sake of personal safety, it is necessary to break away from the strict control of criminal groups. "Going under" means completely preventing the criminal group from receiving any information about the object of pursuit. At the preliminary stage, it is necessary to carefully analyze who, how, and with what activity will look for you and, based on this data, develop a way to escape surveillance and a pattern of behavior in the future.
In the simplest case, this is a simple relocation to another place of residence, in no way connected with past contacts and biography. It is characterized by an abrupt interruption of all personal and business contacts maintained until this time, a mandatory change in appearance (hairstyle, glasses, growing or shaving off a mustache and beard, eliminating old and acquiring new habits and passions). Some psychological aspects of neutralizing possible external surveillance
Most people, finding themselves in an unfamiliar environment, experience mental discomfort, which they try to relieve by communicating with a random fellow traveler or a neighbor in a hotel room. Frank conversations with strangers are fraught with the most unexpected consequences, because fellow travelers and neighbors may not be who they claim to be. Very often, "casual" acquaintances are quite clearly planned and organized. There can only be one piece of advice here - caution, caution and once again caution.
The next psychological moment that facilitates the conduct of ES is the formation of stable habits and stereotypes in people. In many cases, we move along familiar terrain as if on autopilot, very often not noticing what is happening around us. Time and routes of movement should change regularly. The workday routine should be carefully legended. And in general, the more unusual and unpredictable actions in a person's behavior, the more difficult the tasks of external surveillance become.
To obtain preliminary information, phone calls can be made on behalf of acquaintances at home, at work, to colleagues and friends who are informed about your daily routine.
