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Introduction
The relevance of the study of carding issues and its consequences is due to the following circumstances:
Firstly, this is due to the very emergence of free employment (carding), which has developed only in the last six to seven years, in contrast to Western Europe and the United States, where carding has existed for more than 50 years. The modernization of the economy and social life, the ongoing scientific and technological progress, the consequences of the global financial crisis, which affected all spheres of life, the problems and prospects of accession to the WTO were the reason for the emergence of new forms and types of employment in the world labor market.
Stable employment, guaranteed income, social guarantees and a permanent job met the requirements and conditions of the labor market in the 20th century. Today, in connection with the development of information technologies, employment tends more and more to less rigid forms, distant employment, self-employment and some other phenomena are spreading, the common feature of which is a decrease in the dependence of the employee on the employer. Secondly, to date, there has been no sociological study of carding. There have been attempts to explain the emergence of carding in terms of economic facts. There were also superficial studies by recruiting (personnel) agencies of the behavioral attitudes of workers in general and carders, in particular, that is, carding was explained from the point of view of psychology. In this regard, there is no scientific methodology for conducting a sociological study of carding, the factors that determine the growth of social interest in this phenomenon and the transition of workers and employers to the carding market are not properly identified. Hence it follows that in order to assess the state of carding, its dynamics and the expectations of regarding free employment, it became necessary to conduct a comprehensive study of the state of carding in the labor market and employment. Thirdly, the lack of a clear essential definition of carding impedes the proper development of the carding services market due to a versatile understanding of the essence of carding and its characteristics, which in turn causes contradictions in the application of labor legislation in relation to free workers. the factors that determine the growth of social interest in this phenomenon and the transition of workers and employers to the carding services market have not been properly identified. Hence it follows that in order to assess the state of carding, its dynamics and the expectations of regarding free employment, it became necessary to conduct a comprehensive study of the state of carding in the labor market and employment.
As you can see, the relevance of sociological research of carding as a social phenomenon is confirmed in various dimensions. This indicates both the social versatility of the object of research, and the variety of approaches to the study of this phenomenon.
On the one hand, the legal regulation of labor relations between carders and employers does not meet the existing needs of the labor and employment market, since in connection with different interpretations of the concept of “carding” there are contradictions in the application of labor legislation in relation to free workers. On the other hand, the growth of unemployment, tough approaches of employers to the work schedule: the strictness of the work schedule, the refusal of bonuses and delays in the payment of wages came into conflict with the tasks of modernizing the political and socio-economic systems of society.
Scientific research of such a complex and dynamic object as carding requires a systematic approach, which opens up opportunities for a deeper and at the same time comprehensive study of the social content of this process, features, objective conditions, subjective factors and patterns that affect it.
Sociological analysis of free employment - carding is relevant both in scientific and applied terms.
The degree of scientific elaboration of the problem. An analysis of modern scientific literature allows us to say that the issue of free employment (carding), if it is popular, is only in rather narrow research circles.
The state of scientific development of the problem lies in the fact that researchers have already made attempts to develop concepts that can reflect some of the qualitative characteristics of carding. On the problem under study, the entire literature can be conditionally divided into the following areas:
- methodological - the most important and fundamental direction, which is, in fact, the basis of all research on the problem under study, includes the work of specialists on labor and employment problems within the framework of the socio-economic paradigm presented in classical works
The object of the research is carders in modern world.
The subject of the research is carding as a type of employment for the population of modern world.
The purpose of the study is to identify trends in the development of carding in the employment market of modern world.
Research hypothesis. The transition of workers to carding in modern world is poorly expressed.
Theoretical and methodological basis of the research.
- The theory of labor alienation by K. Marx made it possible to give the most complete characterization of free employment in terms of solving the problem of labor alienation.
- The modern paradigm of the information society by M. Castells, within the framework of which the emergence of non-standard types of employment is considered and analyzed.
The study is based on the use of general scientific methods, a set of methods for collecting primary information (questionnaire survey, interviews, observation, source analysis and work with documents), verification of the reliability of sources and the results of their statistical processing.
To carry out a statistical analysis of the data obtained, various statistical methods of information processing were used: a linear model for the analysis of primary information and factor analysis.
The reliability and scientific validity of the research results is ensured by a theoretically and experimentally substantiated methodology, the complexity of using various methodological tools in it, statistical and mathematical processing of the data obtained by a computer program for statistical processing of SPSS data, consideration of the phenomenon under study in its development and essential relationships, the author's reliance on the principle of continuity knowledge in the social sciences, a broad source base, representativeness of the empirical base.
To achieve this goal, the following research objectives are set:
1. consider theoretical approaches to the study of carding;
2. to give a definition of free employment (carding) based on a comparative analysis of various types and forms of employment;
3. to study the state of carding in modern world;
4. to identify the objective and subjective factors of the functioning of the carding services market;
5. describe the socio-psychological portrait of a modern world.
The empirical base of the study was made up of:
- Statistical analysis for 2006-2013. (data from the Federal State Statistics Service, Federal Labor and Employment Service). -
Author's sociological research of carding "State and patterns of functioning and development of carding" (2011).
Urban (600 respondents) and rural residents (100 respondents) were interviewed in 78 settlements of 38 constituent entities in all 8 federal districts.
- Online interviews of carders "Socio-psychological portrait of a carders" (20 people) (2013).
- Secondary analysis of the results of sociological research conducted by the State University - Higher School of Economics
"The First Census of Carders" (2008, 2011), the Center for the Study of Public Opinion (studies on coverage of the Internet (April 2012), the level of trust in government institutions (June 2012), the Public Opinion Foundation ( a study on the Internet coverage since 2002 (2008), various recruitment agencies (research by the recruiting agency HeadHanter on job satisfaction (2011), the online service on carding recruitment (October 2011) The main attention was paid to the general trends in the formation of the carding services market, which can be traced in various studies, regardless of the peculiarities of the methodology and technique of their implementation.
Scientific novelty of the research:
1. The article considers theoretical approaches to the study of carding based on the paradigm of the information society and the theory of labor alienation, in the context of which carding is considered as a solution to the problem of “labor alienation” in the new socio-economic conditions.
2. The definition of free employment is given on the basis of a comparative analysis of various types and forms of employment.
3. The author's methodology for sociological research of the current state of free employment in world has been developed.
4. On the basis of the author's method of sociological research of carding, the state of free employment in modern world has been measured.
5. The main factors of the functioning of the carding services market in the employment market have been identified.
6. The socio-psychological portrait of a modern carder is described.
The theoretical significance of the work lies in the fact that the results of the study contribute to the development of the theory and methodology of the sociology of labor, expanding its scope.
The practical significance of the work lies in the possibility of using the research results in the development of amendments and additions to the labor legislation and resolutions of the Government of the world at the level of state authorities in the preparation of regulatory legal acts and formalized documents of the Ministry of Labor and Social Protection, the Federal Service for Labor and Employment, located in her jurisdiction; at the level of administrative structures of the labor market, as well as at the level of local offices of employment services that directly work with the population in the field of labor and employment and directly provide public services to the population in the field of employment, as well as in the process of teaching the academic disciplines "Economic Sociology" and "Sociology of Labor".
The method of sociological research of the current state of free employment has been developed, highlighting the main objective and subjective factors that influence the motives of workers to switch to carding.
The relevance of the study of carding issues and its consequences is due to the following circumstances:
Firstly, this is due to the very emergence of free employment (carding), which has developed only in the last six to seven years, in contrast to Western Europe and the United States, where carding has existed for more than 50 years. The modernization of the economy and social life, the ongoing scientific and technological progress, the consequences of the global financial crisis, which affected all spheres of life, the problems and prospects of accession to the WTO were the reason for the emergence of new forms and types of employment in the world labor market.
Stable employment, guaranteed income, social guarantees and a permanent job met the requirements and conditions of the labor market in the 20th century. Today, in connection with the development of information technologies, employment tends more and more to less rigid forms, distant employment, self-employment and some other phenomena are spreading, the common feature of which is a decrease in the dependence of the employee on the employer. Secondly, to date, there has been no sociological study of carding. There have been attempts to explain the emergence of carding in terms of economic facts. There were also superficial studies by recruiting (personnel) agencies of the behavioral attitudes of workers in general and carders, in particular, that is, carding was explained from the point of view of psychology. In this regard, there is no scientific methodology for conducting a sociological study of carding, the factors that determine the growth of social interest in this phenomenon and the transition of workers and employers to the carding market are not properly identified. Hence it follows that in order to assess the state of carding, its dynamics and the expectations of regarding free employment, it became necessary to conduct a comprehensive study of the state of carding in the labor market and employment. Thirdly, the lack of a clear essential definition of carding impedes the proper development of the carding services market due to a versatile understanding of the essence of carding and its characteristics, which in turn causes contradictions in the application of labor legislation in relation to free workers. the factors that determine the growth of social interest in this phenomenon and the transition of workers and employers to the carding services market have not been properly identified. Hence it follows that in order to assess the state of carding, its dynamics and the expectations of regarding free employment, it became necessary to conduct a comprehensive study of the state of carding in the labor market and employment.
As you can see, the relevance of sociological research of carding as a social phenomenon is confirmed in various dimensions. This indicates both the social versatility of the object of research, and the variety of approaches to the study of this phenomenon.
On the one hand, the legal regulation of labor relations between carders and employers does not meet the existing needs of the labor and employment market, since in connection with different interpretations of the concept of “carding” there are contradictions in the application of labor legislation in relation to free workers. On the other hand, the growth of unemployment, tough approaches of employers to the work schedule: the strictness of the work schedule, the refusal of bonuses and delays in the payment of wages came into conflict with the tasks of modernizing the political and socio-economic systems of society.
Scientific research of such a complex and dynamic object as carding requires a systematic approach, which opens up opportunities for a deeper and at the same time comprehensive study of the social content of this process, features, objective conditions, subjective factors and patterns that affect it.
Sociological analysis of free employment - carding is relevant both in scientific and applied terms.
The degree of scientific elaboration of the problem. An analysis of modern scientific literature allows us to say that the issue of free employment (carding), if it is popular, is only in rather narrow research circles.
The state of scientific development of the problem lies in the fact that researchers have already made attempts to develop concepts that can reflect some of the qualitative characteristics of carding. On the problem under study, the entire literature can be conditionally divided into the following areas:
- methodological - the most important and fundamental direction, which is, in fact, the basis of all research on the problem under study, includes the work of specialists on labor and employment problems within the framework of the socio-economic paradigm presented in classical works
The object of the research is carders in modern world.
The subject of the research is carding as a type of employment for the population of modern world.
The purpose of the study is to identify trends in the development of carding in the employment market of modern world.
Research hypothesis. The transition of workers to carding in modern world is poorly expressed.
Theoretical and methodological basis of the research.
- The theory of labor alienation by K. Marx made it possible to give the most complete characterization of free employment in terms of solving the problem of labor alienation.
- The modern paradigm of the information society by M. Castells, within the framework of which the emergence of non-standard types of employment is considered and analyzed.
The study is based on the use of general scientific methods, a set of methods for collecting primary information (questionnaire survey, interviews, observation, source analysis and work with documents), verification of the reliability of sources and the results of their statistical processing.
To carry out a statistical analysis of the data obtained, various statistical methods of information processing were used: a linear model for the analysis of primary information and factor analysis.
The reliability and scientific validity of the research results is ensured by a theoretically and experimentally substantiated methodology, the complexity of using various methodological tools in it, statistical and mathematical processing of the data obtained by a computer program for statistical processing of SPSS data, consideration of the phenomenon under study in its development and essential relationships, the author's reliance on the principle of continuity knowledge in the social sciences, a broad source base, representativeness of the empirical base.
To achieve this goal, the following research objectives are set:
1. consider theoretical approaches to the study of carding;
2. to give a definition of free employment (carding) based on a comparative analysis of various types and forms of employment;
3. to study the state of carding in modern world;
4. to identify the objective and subjective factors of the functioning of the carding services market;
5. describe the socio-psychological portrait of a modern world.
The empirical base of the study was made up of:
- Statistical analysis for 2006-2013. (data from the Federal State Statistics Service, Federal Labor and Employment Service). -
Author's sociological research of carding "State and patterns of functioning and development of carding" (2011).
Urban (600 respondents) and rural residents (100 respondents) were interviewed in 78 settlements of 38 constituent entities in all 8 federal districts.
- Online interviews of carders "Socio-psychological portrait of a carders" (20 people) (2013).
- Secondary analysis of the results of sociological research conducted by the State University - Higher School of Economics
"The First Census of Carders" (2008, 2011), the Center for the Study of Public Opinion (studies on coverage of the Internet (April 2012), the level of trust in government institutions (June 2012), the Public Opinion Foundation ( a study on the Internet coverage since 2002 (2008), various recruitment agencies (research by the recruiting agency HeadHanter on job satisfaction (2011), the online service on carding recruitment (October 2011) The main attention was paid to the general trends in the formation of the carding services market, which can be traced in various studies, regardless of the peculiarities of the methodology and technique of their implementation.
Scientific novelty of the research:
1. The article considers theoretical approaches to the study of carding based on the paradigm of the information society and the theory of labor alienation, in the context of which carding is considered as a solution to the problem of “labor alienation” in the new socio-economic conditions.
2. The definition of free employment is given on the basis of a comparative analysis of various types and forms of employment.
3. The author's methodology for sociological research of the current state of free employment in world has been developed.
4. On the basis of the author's method of sociological research of carding, the state of free employment in modern world has been measured.
5. The main factors of the functioning of the carding services market in the employment market have been identified.
6. The socio-psychological portrait of a modern carder is described.
The theoretical significance of the work lies in the fact that the results of the study contribute to the development of the theory and methodology of the sociology of labor, expanding its scope.
The practical significance of the work lies in the possibility of using the research results in the development of amendments and additions to the labor legislation and resolutions of the Government of the world at the level of state authorities in the preparation of regulatory legal acts and formalized documents of the Ministry of Labor and Social Protection, the Federal Service for Labor and Employment, located in her jurisdiction; at the level of administrative structures of the labor market, as well as at the level of local offices of employment services that directly work with the population in the field of labor and employment and directly provide public services to the population in the field of employment, as well as in the process of teaching the academic disciplines "Economic Sociology" and "Sociology of Labor".
The method of sociological research of the current state of free employment has been developed, highlighting the main objective and subjective factors that influence the motives of workers to switch to carding.
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