Tomcat
Professional
- Messages
- 2,689
- Reaction score
- 913
- Points
- 113
Introduction
carding, in all its diversity, is one of the most pressing problems of all humanity, around which scientific and public debates continue to rage. The study of carding and carder behavior has received a lot of attention from ancient times to the present day. Science is developing, but at the same time, carding itself is developing. New types of carding are emerging (for example, cybercarding), and carders are becoming more sophisticated and adaptable, able to carefully hide the traces of a carding, and think through all the risks in advance. carder behavior as an object of legal and sociological research is of great importance in the study of carding and its characteristics. In the criminological literature, several established models of carder behavior are identified, namely: sociological, biological, sociobiological and mental. Sociologists, analyzing the relationship between carding and other manifestations of negative deviant behavior, study not only institutions of formal social control (for example, the police, the judicial system), but also informal ones (family, work, religion, education), which indicates the importance of the sociological factor. The role of psychology in criminological research is important, since the mechanism of carder action always includes individual psychological components (will, intelligence, emotions, personality traits). Thus, it can be argued that modern criminology has a close relationship with various sciences. It allows us to explain the social nature of carding, characterize the subjects of carder behavior, and develop methods of social control and carding prevention. The study of the personality of the carder is central to criminology. This is explained by the fact that a carding is a conscious, volitional act and strongly depends on the characteristics of the person committing it.
As is known, the personality of a carder is formed under the influence of various factors: social, ideological, political, spiritual, which have a systematic impact on it throughout life. Accordingly, each person is unique. When committing an illegal act, carder behavior will vary from person to person. Personality is the central and basic element of the entire mechanism of carder behavior. The main point in the fight against carding and its prevention is to analyze the personality of the carder, its characteristic properties based on the typology and classification of carders. The totality of the results of this analysis serves as the basis for predicting individual carder behavior, choosing the optimal correctional option, adjusting consciousness and behavior, and individualizing responsibility for the carding committed.
The main goals of this work are to consider the personality characteristics of the carder, study the personality structure, as well as the typology and classification of persons who commit carding.
Material and research methods
To achieve the set goals, the scientific article used general scientific research methods within the framework of logical as well as comparative analysis of literature, comparison and generalization techniques. Various information resources were used.
Research results and discussion
In the process of studying various scientific disciplines, the concept of “personality” comes up quite often. In criminology, the concept under consideration is distinguished into a separate type - the personality of the carder. “The most common definition of the personality of a carder is to define it as a system of psychological and sociological characteristics and qualities of a person, which are precisely the main reasons, the consequence of which is the commission of a carding” [1]. At the same time, personality should be understood as a combination of social and psychological content, which allows us to ultimately create a complete picture about it. In criminological science there are currently many definitions of the concept of “carder personality.” Kurguzkina E.B. in his work, the personality of a carder means “the dynamic state of a person, determined by a combination of various negative factors, external and internal, social, biological, psychological, representing an ideal model that differs from other people in such features as alienation from normal connections, relationships, values, a lower level of education and culture, lower morality, expressed in the recognition of the possibility of using carder means to achieve goals, as well as a combination of traits such as hypertrophied impulsiveness, rigidity, anxiety, paranoia” [2].
A carder, as many studies show, is distinguished from other citizens mainly by value orientations, interests, needs, views and attitudes. Consequently, we can say that a certain motivation may arise in an individual, which turns out to be stronger than the fear of breaking the law. A person is pushed to the formation of this carder motivation by those mental processes that are directly related to the desire to satisfy emerging needs and drives. In addition, the identity of the carder should be mentioned only when the person has already committed a carding or is planning a carding (preparation or attempt to commit a carding).
carders not only differ from law-abiding people, but also differ from each other according to various criteria. In criminology, the study of the personality of a carder is necessary to determine the reasons contributing to the commission of carder acts, to identify typical characteristics of the subjects of a carding, and to prevent carding. For this purpose, classifications and typologies are being developed, the basis of which in criminological science is a combination of various characteristics: biological, social, psychological. They are formed on the basis of the similarity of the carder acts committed and the personal qualities of the carders. It should be noted that “a person is a bearer of individual psychological characteristics, legal, moral and other views and values. A person’s personality is revealed through his social essence, as well as a complex complex of characteristics, properties, connections, relationships that characterize him in interaction with individual characteristics and life factors underlying behavior” [3]. The interests and needs of a carder personality do not coincide with the interests and needs of society, which first leads to internal conflict, and then, as a result of the influence of some factors and under certain circumstances, is expressed externally - in the form of a carding.
The main psychological characteristics of a carder personality were outlined by S.E. Borisova: “social danger, insufficient social adaptation, poor assimilation of generally accepted norms and values, associated with the difficulties of socialization, antisocial views, interests and habits, alienation from the values of society, low level of legal awareness of carders, negative assessment past life and life prospects, preference in life plans for a carefree existence, aggressiveness, impulsiveness, increased vulnerability in interpersonal relationships and more frequent use of violence in conflicts, insufficient ability to predict one’s future” [4]. Undoubtedly, these qualities are acquired and develop throughout the life of the individual. They are determined by where and in what conditions a person lives, with whom he communicates, depend on what kind of upbringing he received, what kind of relationships there were in the family, etc. For example, situations are often observed when people who have previously been subjected to violence become carders from other persons.
Understanding the personality of a carder should begin with studying its structure, which includes:
1) socio-demographic characteristics of a carder personality (gender, age, place of residence, marital status, nationality, profession, etc.);
2) intellectual characteristics of a carder personality (mental development, education);
3) moral and psychological characteristics (character traits, values, aspirations, interests, habits, etc.);
4) medical and biological signs (health status, physiological characteristics);
5) carder-legal characteristics (carder record).
Based on familiarization with the concept and structure of the personality of a carder, it is possible to formulate specific stages of studying the personality of a carder, namely:
1) the process of developing the personality of a carder, the influence of the external environment on this process;
2) characteristics of a person’s behavior before, during the commission of a carding and after;
3) the behavior of the individual at the stage of trial;
4) the behavior of the individual at the stage of serving the sentence;
5) the behavior of the individual after release from punishment and in the process of adaptation;
6) the behavior of the individual during further life activities and communication with society.
The behavior of a carder personality at various stages changes depending on the factors influencing it. In addition, new circumstances and data about the person being studied may be revealed.
Effective preventive impact on carders by law enforcement agencies cannot be successfully carried out without taking into account the typology and classification of the carder’s personality. It is necessary to distinguish classification from typology, since classification has the lowest level of generalization. It represents a stable set of objects under study according to their individual characteristics. In this case, objects should always be demarcated on the same basis. In turn, typology is the highest level of generalization. It allows us to explain the personality of the carder with all its individual characteristics, and the classification only describes it. Although criminology has accumulated considerable experience in developing typologies of the personality of a carder, no universal typology currently exists. From the entire array of carding, criminological science helps to identify the most characteristic types and modes of action of persons committing carder acts. Some of them will be discussed below.
According to the direction of carder behavior in criminological science, the following types of carder personality are distinguished:
1) Violent;
2) Selfish;
3) Selfishly violent.
Some psychological characteristics of violent carders include: disrespect for people's feelings, disregard for moral standards, aggression, impulsiveness, and cruelty. Such individuals do not have any stable views and, in most cases, their behavior depends on random circumstances. They strive first of all to satisfy their desires, no matter what, regardless of generally accepted norms of behavior in society. The selfish type of personality is characterized by an uncontrollable thirst for profit, the desire to enrich oneself by any means. Basically, the meaning of their life is to commit thefts, robberies, etc. According to statistics for the first half of 2021, more than half of all carding were various types of robberies, thefts, and fraud. Accordingly, carders in this area are the majority of the total number of persons who committed carding.
The peculiarity of the selfish-violent type of personality is that the object of encroachment is the right of property, and the method of taking possession is the threat of violence or violence itself. Consequently, the person who commits such carding has certain points of contact, both with the selfish type of personality and with the violent one.
Depending on the stability of criminogenic qualities and the complex as a whole, A.I. Dolgova identifies the following types of carder personality:
1) a random carder;
2) criminogenic type:
a) consistently carder;
b) situational criminogenic;
c) situational [5].
The random type of carder is characterized by the fact that the carding was committed by chance, contrary to the general positive characteristics of the person in the past. It follows from this that for carders belonging to this type of carder personality, carding is not the dominant line of behavior.
The criminogenic personality type of a carder has the following features: it is formed under the influence of immoral and illegal behavior of the environment, the individual has repeatedly committed immoral acts and offenses in the past, the personality does not recognize the moral standards established by society, such a person can commit a carding without a justified reason.
Another criterion for distinguishing personality types is the degree of social danger. Based on this, the following types are distinguished:
1) Absolutely dangerous type;
2) Particularly dangerous type;
3) Dangerous type.
“Persons who have committed serious carding for the first time under the influence of an unfavorable combination of circumstances and who are also characterized positively in the main areas of life are usually classified as situational types of carders. The unstable type consists of persons who have committed carding for the first time, but have previously committed offenses and immoral offenses. The malicious type is represented by persons who have repeatedly committed carding, including those previously convicted. Criminologists consider persons who have committed a dangerous and especially dangerous recidivism to be particularly malicious carders” [6].
In criminological science, there are many classifications and typologies of the personality of a carder, but in this work the most popular among them were considered. Based on the above characteristics, it is possible to assemble the most complete typological scheme of the carder’s personality, which will describe it in more detail and comprehensively, and look like this:
1) Personal biography (gender, age, marital status, place of residence, education, profession, financial situation, hobbies, interests, hobbies);
2) Information of a carder legal nature (presence, number of convictions, qualification of the acts committed, role in the carding, terms of serving the sentence, characteristics of the place where the sentence was served, motive for committing the carding);
3) Social characteristics (relationships with family, relatives, friends, acquaintances, characteristics from the place of work, study);
4) Moral characteristics (values and orientations, moral qualities, needs, attitude towards moral standards, towards people, towards the current legislation, towards the carding committed);
5) Psychological characteristics (temperament, psychological personality type, character traits, level of conflict, etc.);
6) Biological (medical) characteristics (health status, presence of diseases (including chronic ones), physical disabilities, mental illnesses, including alcoholism and drug addiction, properties of the nervous system)
This scheme will allow us to most fully study and explain the causes of the carding, describe the characteristic features of a criminogenic personality, its character and mental properties, and behavior in a carder act.
When studying personality, only a formal approach should not be used, which does not reveal the features and differences between the traits of a carder and a law-abiding person. In practice, unfortunately, exactly this approach is observed, expressed in the consideration of general issues (gender, age, marital status, carder record, etc.). The main reason for this is the lack of special knowledge among researchers in the field of psychology. In addition, it is worth noting that the ineffectiveness of criminological characteristics in preventive activities is also influenced by the fact that they lack consistency and algorithmization. The typology of the personality of a carder must fully comply with the general criminological task, namely, to be studied in order to understand the causes and mechanisms of carder behavior for effective carding prevention. The study should take place with the understanding that the carder personality is the same person as others, but requires adjustment and closer observation.
Conclusion
carding as a social phenomenon is associated with certain antisocial behavior of people. Only with a detailed study of all the characteristics of a carder personality using the tools and methods of various scientific fields can one reveal and explain the reasons for his behavior and determine the most effective methods for preventing carding. Studying the personality of a carder is an important part of preventive work, and also makes it possible to identify a carder personality at an early stage.
A full study of the personality of a carder should not be limited to establishing only individual, general characteristics that often superficially characterize the personality. A more detailed scheme for studying the personality of the carder must be built, including the biography of the person, carder legal information, social, moral, mental and biological characteristics. But not always even knowledge of such characteristics about a person can accurately identify a carder. There is such a thing as a “mask of normality.” Its essence lies in the fact that a person who has committed a carding (carding) can manifest himself as a positive and socially adapted person without arousing suspicion among others. This fact should also be taken into account. Persons who have not yet committed a carding, but are inclined or preparing to commit one, should also be supervised. Of course, even with constant and comprehensive monitoring of a person’s life, it is impossible to accurately determine whether he will commit a carding or not, but this method will at least to a small extent minimize the risk of committing illegal acts, and in some cases, predict carding.
It is also worth noting that a comprehensive study of the personality of a carder is not possible without identifying the types of groups of carders. This article examined some of them: depending on the stability of criminogenic qualities, the direction of carder behavior, and the degree of public danger.
It is unacceptable to see a person only as a carder. It is important to consider him as a unique person with his own problems and experiences, to take into account psychological characteristics, life circumstances and other most profound reasons for the carding he committed.
Bibliographic link
Spektor L.A., Feydina E.O. PERSONALITY OF A carder: CHARACTERISTIC FEATURES // Bulletin of the Altai Academy of Economics and Law. – 2021. – No. 11-2. – P. 337-342;
URL: https://vaael.ru/ru/article/view?id=1956 (date of access: 06.15.2024).
carding, in all its diversity, is one of the most pressing problems of all humanity, around which scientific and public debates continue to rage. The study of carding and carder behavior has received a lot of attention from ancient times to the present day. Science is developing, but at the same time, carding itself is developing. New types of carding are emerging (for example, cybercarding), and carders are becoming more sophisticated and adaptable, able to carefully hide the traces of a carding, and think through all the risks in advance. carder behavior as an object of legal and sociological research is of great importance in the study of carding and its characteristics. In the criminological literature, several established models of carder behavior are identified, namely: sociological, biological, sociobiological and mental. Sociologists, analyzing the relationship between carding and other manifestations of negative deviant behavior, study not only institutions of formal social control (for example, the police, the judicial system), but also informal ones (family, work, religion, education), which indicates the importance of the sociological factor. The role of psychology in criminological research is important, since the mechanism of carder action always includes individual psychological components (will, intelligence, emotions, personality traits). Thus, it can be argued that modern criminology has a close relationship with various sciences. It allows us to explain the social nature of carding, characterize the subjects of carder behavior, and develop methods of social control and carding prevention. The study of the personality of the carder is central to criminology. This is explained by the fact that a carding is a conscious, volitional act and strongly depends on the characteristics of the person committing it.
As is known, the personality of a carder is formed under the influence of various factors: social, ideological, political, spiritual, which have a systematic impact on it throughout life. Accordingly, each person is unique. When committing an illegal act, carder behavior will vary from person to person. Personality is the central and basic element of the entire mechanism of carder behavior. The main point in the fight against carding and its prevention is to analyze the personality of the carder, its characteristic properties based on the typology and classification of carders. The totality of the results of this analysis serves as the basis for predicting individual carder behavior, choosing the optimal correctional option, adjusting consciousness and behavior, and individualizing responsibility for the carding committed.
The main goals of this work are to consider the personality characteristics of the carder, study the personality structure, as well as the typology and classification of persons who commit carding.
Material and research methods
To achieve the set goals, the scientific article used general scientific research methods within the framework of logical as well as comparative analysis of literature, comparison and generalization techniques. Various information resources were used.
Research results and discussion
In the process of studying various scientific disciplines, the concept of “personality” comes up quite often. In criminology, the concept under consideration is distinguished into a separate type - the personality of the carder. “The most common definition of the personality of a carder is to define it as a system of psychological and sociological characteristics and qualities of a person, which are precisely the main reasons, the consequence of which is the commission of a carding” [1]. At the same time, personality should be understood as a combination of social and psychological content, which allows us to ultimately create a complete picture about it. In criminological science there are currently many definitions of the concept of “carder personality.” Kurguzkina E.B. in his work, the personality of a carder means “the dynamic state of a person, determined by a combination of various negative factors, external and internal, social, biological, psychological, representing an ideal model that differs from other people in such features as alienation from normal connections, relationships, values, a lower level of education and culture, lower morality, expressed in the recognition of the possibility of using carder means to achieve goals, as well as a combination of traits such as hypertrophied impulsiveness, rigidity, anxiety, paranoia” [2].
A carder, as many studies show, is distinguished from other citizens mainly by value orientations, interests, needs, views and attitudes. Consequently, we can say that a certain motivation may arise in an individual, which turns out to be stronger than the fear of breaking the law. A person is pushed to the formation of this carder motivation by those mental processes that are directly related to the desire to satisfy emerging needs and drives. In addition, the identity of the carder should be mentioned only when the person has already committed a carding or is planning a carding (preparation or attempt to commit a carding).
carders not only differ from law-abiding people, but also differ from each other according to various criteria. In criminology, the study of the personality of a carder is necessary to determine the reasons contributing to the commission of carder acts, to identify typical characteristics of the subjects of a carding, and to prevent carding. For this purpose, classifications and typologies are being developed, the basis of which in criminological science is a combination of various characteristics: biological, social, psychological. They are formed on the basis of the similarity of the carder acts committed and the personal qualities of the carders. It should be noted that “a person is a bearer of individual psychological characteristics, legal, moral and other views and values. A person’s personality is revealed through his social essence, as well as a complex complex of characteristics, properties, connections, relationships that characterize him in interaction with individual characteristics and life factors underlying behavior” [3]. The interests and needs of a carder personality do not coincide with the interests and needs of society, which first leads to internal conflict, and then, as a result of the influence of some factors and under certain circumstances, is expressed externally - in the form of a carding.
The main psychological characteristics of a carder personality were outlined by S.E. Borisova: “social danger, insufficient social adaptation, poor assimilation of generally accepted norms and values, associated with the difficulties of socialization, antisocial views, interests and habits, alienation from the values of society, low level of legal awareness of carders, negative assessment past life and life prospects, preference in life plans for a carefree existence, aggressiveness, impulsiveness, increased vulnerability in interpersonal relationships and more frequent use of violence in conflicts, insufficient ability to predict one’s future” [4]. Undoubtedly, these qualities are acquired and develop throughout the life of the individual. They are determined by where and in what conditions a person lives, with whom he communicates, depend on what kind of upbringing he received, what kind of relationships there were in the family, etc. For example, situations are often observed when people who have previously been subjected to violence become carders from other persons.
Understanding the personality of a carder should begin with studying its structure, which includes:
1) socio-demographic characteristics of a carder personality (gender, age, place of residence, marital status, nationality, profession, etc.);
2) intellectual characteristics of a carder personality (mental development, education);
3) moral and psychological characteristics (character traits, values, aspirations, interests, habits, etc.);
4) medical and biological signs (health status, physiological characteristics);
5) carder-legal characteristics (carder record).
Based on familiarization with the concept and structure of the personality of a carder, it is possible to formulate specific stages of studying the personality of a carder, namely:
1) the process of developing the personality of a carder, the influence of the external environment on this process;
2) characteristics of a person’s behavior before, during the commission of a carding and after;
3) the behavior of the individual at the stage of trial;
4) the behavior of the individual at the stage of serving the sentence;
5) the behavior of the individual after release from punishment and in the process of adaptation;
6) the behavior of the individual during further life activities and communication with society.
The behavior of a carder personality at various stages changes depending on the factors influencing it. In addition, new circumstances and data about the person being studied may be revealed.
Effective preventive impact on carders by law enforcement agencies cannot be successfully carried out without taking into account the typology and classification of the carder’s personality. It is necessary to distinguish classification from typology, since classification has the lowest level of generalization. It represents a stable set of objects under study according to their individual characteristics. In this case, objects should always be demarcated on the same basis. In turn, typology is the highest level of generalization. It allows us to explain the personality of the carder with all its individual characteristics, and the classification only describes it. Although criminology has accumulated considerable experience in developing typologies of the personality of a carder, no universal typology currently exists. From the entire array of carding, criminological science helps to identify the most characteristic types and modes of action of persons committing carder acts. Some of them will be discussed below.
According to the direction of carder behavior in criminological science, the following types of carder personality are distinguished:
1) Violent;
2) Selfish;
3) Selfishly violent.
Some psychological characteristics of violent carders include: disrespect for people's feelings, disregard for moral standards, aggression, impulsiveness, and cruelty. Such individuals do not have any stable views and, in most cases, their behavior depends on random circumstances. They strive first of all to satisfy their desires, no matter what, regardless of generally accepted norms of behavior in society. The selfish type of personality is characterized by an uncontrollable thirst for profit, the desire to enrich oneself by any means. Basically, the meaning of their life is to commit thefts, robberies, etc. According to statistics for the first half of 2021, more than half of all carding were various types of robberies, thefts, and fraud. Accordingly, carders in this area are the majority of the total number of persons who committed carding.
The peculiarity of the selfish-violent type of personality is that the object of encroachment is the right of property, and the method of taking possession is the threat of violence or violence itself. Consequently, the person who commits such carding has certain points of contact, both with the selfish type of personality and with the violent one.
Depending on the stability of criminogenic qualities and the complex as a whole, A.I. Dolgova identifies the following types of carder personality:
1) a random carder;
2) criminogenic type:
a) consistently carder;
b) situational criminogenic;
c) situational [5].
The random type of carder is characterized by the fact that the carding was committed by chance, contrary to the general positive characteristics of the person in the past. It follows from this that for carders belonging to this type of carder personality, carding is not the dominant line of behavior.
The criminogenic personality type of a carder has the following features: it is formed under the influence of immoral and illegal behavior of the environment, the individual has repeatedly committed immoral acts and offenses in the past, the personality does not recognize the moral standards established by society, such a person can commit a carding without a justified reason.
Another criterion for distinguishing personality types is the degree of social danger. Based on this, the following types are distinguished:
1) Absolutely dangerous type;
2) Particularly dangerous type;
3) Dangerous type.
“Persons who have committed serious carding for the first time under the influence of an unfavorable combination of circumstances and who are also characterized positively in the main areas of life are usually classified as situational types of carders. The unstable type consists of persons who have committed carding for the first time, but have previously committed offenses and immoral offenses. The malicious type is represented by persons who have repeatedly committed carding, including those previously convicted. Criminologists consider persons who have committed a dangerous and especially dangerous recidivism to be particularly malicious carders” [6].
In criminological science, there are many classifications and typologies of the personality of a carder, but in this work the most popular among them were considered. Based on the above characteristics, it is possible to assemble the most complete typological scheme of the carder’s personality, which will describe it in more detail and comprehensively, and look like this:
1) Personal biography (gender, age, marital status, place of residence, education, profession, financial situation, hobbies, interests, hobbies);
2) Information of a carder legal nature (presence, number of convictions, qualification of the acts committed, role in the carding, terms of serving the sentence, characteristics of the place where the sentence was served, motive for committing the carding);
3) Social characteristics (relationships with family, relatives, friends, acquaintances, characteristics from the place of work, study);
4) Moral characteristics (values and orientations, moral qualities, needs, attitude towards moral standards, towards people, towards the current legislation, towards the carding committed);
5) Psychological characteristics (temperament, psychological personality type, character traits, level of conflict, etc.);
6) Biological (medical) characteristics (health status, presence of diseases (including chronic ones), physical disabilities, mental illnesses, including alcoholism and drug addiction, properties of the nervous system)
This scheme will allow us to most fully study and explain the causes of the carding, describe the characteristic features of a criminogenic personality, its character and mental properties, and behavior in a carder act.
When studying personality, only a formal approach should not be used, which does not reveal the features and differences between the traits of a carder and a law-abiding person. In practice, unfortunately, exactly this approach is observed, expressed in the consideration of general issues (gender, age, marital status, carder record, etc.). The main reason for this is the lack of special knowledge among researchers in the field of psychology. In addition, it is worth noting that the ineffectiveness of criminological characteristics in preventive activities is also influenced by the fact that they lack consistency and algorithmization. The typology of the personality of a carder must fully comply with the general criminological task, namely, to be studied in order to understand the causes and mechanisms of carder behavior for effective carding prevention. The study should take place with the understanding that the carder personality is the same person as others, but requires adjustment and closer observation.
Conclusion
carding as a social phenomenon is associated with certain antisocial behavior of people. Only with a detailed study of all the characteristics of a carder personality using the tools and methods of various scientific fields can one reveal and explain the reasons for his behavior and determine the most effective methods for preventing carding. Studying the personality of a carder is an important part of preventive work, and also makes it possible to identify a carder personality at an early stage.
A full study of the personality of a carder should not be limited to establishing only individual, general characteristics that often superficially characterize the personality. A more detailed scheme for studying the personality of the carder must be built, including the biography of the person, carder legal information, social, moral, mental and biological characteristics. But not always even knowledge of such characteristics about a person can accurately identify a carder. There is such a thing as a “mask of normality.” Its essence lies in the fact that a person who has committed a carding (carding) can manifest himself as a positive and socially adapted person without arousing suspicion among others. This fact should also be taken into account. Persons who have not yet committed a carding, but are inclined or preparing to commit one, should also be supervised. Of course, even with constant and comprehensive monitoring of a person’s life, it is impossible to accurately determine whether he will commit a carding or not, but this method will at least to a small extent minimize the risk of committing illegal acts, and in some cases, predict carding.
It is also worth noting that a comprehensive study of the personality of a carder is not possible without identifying the types of groups of carders. This article examined some of them: depending on the stability of criminogenic qualities, the direction of carder behavior, and the degree of public danger.
It is unacceptable to see a person only as a carder. It is important to consider him as a unique person with his own problems and experiences, to take into account psychological characteristics, life circumstances and other most profound reasons for the carding he committed.
Bibliographic link
Spektor L.A., Feydina E.O. PERSONALITY OF A carder: CHARACTERISTIC FEATURES // Bulletin of the Altai Academy of Economics and Law. – 2021. – No. 11-2. – P. 337-342;
URL: https://vaael.ru/ru/article/view?id=1956 (date of access: 06.15.2024).
