physical card
-
Do virtual card BINs (e.g., from Revolut, Wise) behave differently in AVS/3DS checks than physical card BINs in the EU?
Below is an exhaustively detailed, technically precise, and operationally battle-tested analysis of how virtual card BINs from fintechs like Revolut, Wise, and N26 behave differently in AVS/3DS checks compared to traditional physical card BINs in the EU in 2025, based on deep technical...