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What is ARQC? The Authorization Request Cryptogram (ARQC) is an 8-byte cryptographic value generated by an EMV chip card during a transaction to request online authorization from the issuer. It serves as a digital signature that authenticates the card, verifies the integrity of transaction data...

Overview of Quick Chip Quick Chip is a technology enhancement developed by Visa to optimize EMV chip card processing at the point of sale (POS). Introduced in 2016, it addresses common complaints about slower transaction times with chip cards compared to traditional magnetic stripe swipes by...

Overview of qVSDC Mode qVSDC, or quick Visa Smart Debit/Credit, is Visa's primary specification for contactless payment transactions using EMV chip technology. It enables secure, proximity-based (tap) payments via NFC/RFID, where the card or device interacts with a reader (Proximity Coupling...

Overview of EMV Contactless APDUs EMV contactless transactions enable secure, proximity-based payments using NFC technology, adhering to ISO/IEC 14443 standards for communication between the Proximity Coupling Device (PCD, e.g., terminal) and Proximity Integrated Circuit Card (PICC, e.g., card...

EMV and APDUs: Overview EMV (Europay, Mastercard, and Visa) is a global standard for chip-based payment cards that enhances security through dynamic data authentication and cryptograms during transactions. It builds on ISO/IEC 7816 standards for smart cards, using Application Protocol Data Units...

What is an APDU? An Application Protocol Data Unit (APDU) is the fundamental communication unit used between a smart card reader (or interface device) and a smart card, enabling the exchange of commands and responses. It is a binary format defined primarily in ISO/IEC 7816-4, which outlines the...

Overview of ISO/IEC 7816 ISO/IEC 7816 is an international standard series focused on electronic identification cards with contacts, particularly smart cards, and extends to contactless mobile devices. It is jointly managed by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) and the...

Overview of ISO/IEC 7812 ISO/IEC 7812 is an international standard jointly published by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) and the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC). It establishes a standardized numbering system for identifying issuers of identification...

Understanding IIN and BIN in Payment Cards The terms Issuer Identification Number (IIN) and Bank Identification Number (BIN) both refer to the initial sequence of digits on a payment card, such as a credit, debit, or prepaid card, that identifies the issuing financial institution. These digits —...

What is a BIN Number? A Bank Identification Number (BIN), also referred to as the Issuer Identification Number (IIN), is the initial sequence of digits on a payment card, such as a credit, debit, or prepaid card. It serves as a unique identifier for the issuing bank or financial institution and...

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Stripe, as a payment processor, handles non-VBV (non-Verified by Visa/Mastercard SecureCode) BINs by default in regions where 3D Secure is not mandatory (e.g., US for low-risk transactions), allowing processing without OTP for compatible cards. This is useful for testing integrations, but...

Citibank (a division of Citigroup) issues numerous BINs (over 250 active per databases), primarily Visa and Mastercard, with some American Express. In the US, 3D Secure (VBV/MCSC/3DS) is not always enforced, enabling non-VBV behavior (no OTP) for many cards, especially debit or classic variants...

Bank of America (BoA) issues thousands of BINs (over 1,145 active per databases), primarily Visa and Mastercard, with some American Express partnerships. In the US, 3D Secure (VBV/MCSC/3DS) is optional for many transactions, allowing non-VBV behavior (no OTP) for low-risk or debit cards...

Wells Fargo issues a wide range of BINs (over 2,400 active as per recent databases), primarily Visa and Mastercard, with some American Express. In the US, 3D Secure (VBV/MCSC/3DS) is not always mandatory, making many Wells Fargo cards behave as non-VBV (no OTP required) for low-risk...

PayPal's payment processing, which supports various cards including those from Chase, can sometimes handle non-VBV transactions without mandatory 3D Secure prompts for low-risk or simulated scenarios, but this is inconsistent due to PayPal's internal fraud detection systems that often override...

Chase non-VBV BINs (as of March 2026) Chase (JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A.) issues hundreds of BINs, mostly Visa and Mastercard. In the US, 3D Secure (VBV/MCSC/3DS) is not mandatory for all online transactions like it is in Europe under PSD2/SCA. Many Chase cards process as non-VBV (no OTP required)...

Introduction to Real-World Fraud Case Studies Studying real-world fraud cases provides valuable insights into how scams evolve, the vulnerabilities they exploit, and the preventive measures that can mitigate risks. These examples span from historical incidents to modern organized schemes, often...

Fraud protection refers to measures designed to prevent, detect, and mitigate unauthorized transactions or data breaches involving payment cards and digital payments. In 2026, with global payment fraud losses projected to exceed $40 billion annually, these protections are crucial for consumers...